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LATA
Apostrophe As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization
Some languages and transliteration systems use the apostrophe to mark the presence, or the lack of, palatalization.
Apostrophe As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization
?, ?, ?, ?) to indicate that no palatalization of the preceding consonant takes place, and the vowel is pronounced in the same way as at the beginning of the word
Apostrophe As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization
In Russian and some derived alphabets the same function is served by the hard sign (?, formerly called yer). But the apostrophe saw some use as a substitute after 1918, when Soviet authorities enforced an orthographic reform by confiscating type bearing that “letter parasite” from stubborn printing houses in Petrograd.
Apostrophe As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization
In some Latin transliterations of certain Cyrillic alphabets (for Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian), the apostrophe is used to replace the soft sign (?, indicating palatalization of the preceding consonant), e.g., ???? is transliterated Rus’ according to the BGN/PCGN system
Apostrophe As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization
Some Karelian orthographies use an apostrophe to indicate palatalization, e.g. n’evvuo (“to give advice”), d’uuri (“just (like)”), el’vüttiä (“to revive”).
Billboard – Inflatable billboards
The amphibious airtight inflatable billboard was invented and USA Patented in 2002 by William R
Billboard – Inflatable billboards
Inflatable billboard is an inflatable framework with an attached banner ad. Most appear near sports events or exhibitions, but can be installed nearly everywhere. They are secured with weights and ropes.
Kayak – Inflatable
Inflatables, also known as the duckies or IKs, can usually be transported by hand using a carry bag. They are generally made of hypalon (a kind of neoprene), Nytrylon (a rubberized fabric), PVC, or polyurethane coated cloth. They can be inflated with foot, hand or electric pumps. Multiple compartments in all but the least expensive increase safety. They generally use low pressure air, almost always below 3 psi.
Kayak – Inflatable
While many inflatables are non-rigid, essentially pointed rafts, best suited for use on rivers and calm water, the higher end inflatables are designed to be hardy, seaworthy vessels. Recently some manufacturers have added an internal frame (folding-style) to a multi-section inflatable Kayak#Sit-on-top|sit-on-top kayak to produce a seaworthy boat.
Kayak – Inflatable
The appeal of inflatable kayaks is their portability, their durability (they don’t dent), and their easy storage. In addition, inflatable kayaks generally are stable, have a small turning radius and are easy to master, although some models take more effort to paddle and are slower than traditional kayaks.
Achalasia – Pneumatic dilatation
Pneumatic dilatation is most effective in the long term on patients over the age of 40; the benefits tend to be shorter-lived in younger patients
Aeroponic – NASA inflatable aeroponics
In 1999, Stoner, funded by NASA, developed an inflatable low-mass aeroponic system (AIS) for space and earth for high performance food production.
Aeroponic – NASA inflatable aeroponics
The inflatable nature of our innovation makes it lightweight, allowing it to be deflated so it takes up less volume during transportation and storage
Aeroponic – NASA inflatable aeroponics
On Earth, these problems may hinder the economic feasibility of aeroponics for commercial growers. However, such problems become insurmountable obstacles for using these systems on long-duration space missions because of the high cost of payload volume and mass during launch and transit.
Aeroponic – NASA inflatable aeroponics
The NASA efforts lead to developments of numerous advanced materials for aeroponics for earth and space.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – Hands-Only CPR portrayed as more palatable version
Less than 1/3 of those people who experience a cardiac arrest at home, work or in a public location have CPR performed on them
Yam (vegetable) – D. alata
Dioscorea alata, called water yam, winged yam and purple yam (not to be confused with the Okinawan purple yam, which is a sweet potato), was first cultivated in Southeast Asia
Yam (vegetable) – D. alata
In the United States, water yam has become an invasive species in some Southern states.
Yam (vegetable) – D. alata
In the Philippines it is known as ube and is used as an ingredient in many sweet desserts. In Indonesia it is known as ubi. In Vietnam, it is called khoai m? and is used mainly as an ingredient for soup. In India, it is known as ratalu or violet yam. In Hawaii it is known as uhi.
Yam (vegetable) – D. alata
Uhi was brought to Hawaii by the early Polynesian settlers and became a major crop in the 19th century when the tubers were sold to visiting ships as an easily stored food supply for their voyages (White 2003).
Palatal nasal
The ‘palatal nasal’ is a type of consonant, used in some Speech communication|spoken languages
Palatal nasal
Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops, and . In Spanish language|Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ); the same is true for Occitan language|Occitan, the source of the Portuguese language|Portuguese digraph ene-agá (Nh (digraph)|nh), used by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese language|Vietnamese.
Palatal nasal
The ‘alveolo-palatal nasal’ is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed or ; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter , used especially in Sinological circles.
Palatal nasal
The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese language|Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish language|Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.
Palatal nasal – Features
Features of the voiced palatal nasal:
Palatal approximant
Because the name of the letter jay may be confusing when used to refer to this sound, the palatal approximant is sometimes called yod instead, as in the phonological history terms Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-dropping|yod-dropping and Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-coalescence|yod-coalescence.
Palatal approximant
In the writing systems used for most of the languages of Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German language|German Jahr ‘year’. This is the IPA usage, and although it may be counter-intuitive for English speakers, it does occur with this sound in a few English words, such as hallelujah and Jägermeister.
Palatal approximant – Features
Features of the palatal approximant:
Palatal consonant
‘Palatal consonants’ are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex consonant|retroflex.
Palatal consonant – Characteristics
Only a few languages in northern Eurasia, the Americas and central Africa contrast palatal stops with postalveolar affricates – as in Hungarian language|Hungarian, Czech language|Czech, Latvian language|Latvian, Macedonian language|Macedonian, Slovak language|Slovak, Turkish language|Turkish and Albanian language|Albanian.
Palatal consonant – Characteristics
Consonants with other primary articulations may be ‘palatalization|palatalized’, that is, accompanied by the raising of the tongue surface towards the hard palate. For example, English (spelled sh) has such a palatal component, although its primary articulation involves the tip of the tongue and the upper gum (this type of articulation is called Palatoalveolars|palatoalveolar).
Palatal consonant – Characteristics
In phonology, Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal, Palatoalveolar consonant|palatoalveolar and palatovelar consonants are commonly grouped as palatals, since these categories rarely contrast with true palatals. Sometimes palatalized Alveolar consonant|alveolars or Dental consonant|dentals can be analyzed in this manner as well.
Palatal consonant – Palatal vs. palatalized vs. sequences with /j/
Palatal and palatalized consonants are both single phonemes, whereas a sequence of a consonant and /j/ is logically two phonemes.
Palatal consonant – Palatal vs. palatalized vs. sequences with /j/
*Irish phonology|Irish has both a palatal nasal and a palatalized alveolar nasal . In fact, some conservative Irish dialects have two palatalized alveolar nasals, distinguished as fortis and lenis|fortis (Apical consonant|apical and somewhat lengthened) vs. lenis (laminal).
Palatal consonant – Palatal vs. palatalized vs. sequences with /j/
*Spanish phonology|Spanish has both a palatal nasal and a sequence /nj/, distinguished e.g. in uñón large nail (of the finger or toe) vs. unión union.
Palatal consonant – Palatal vs. palatalized vs. sequences with /j/
*Russian phonology|Russian has a three-way distinction between palatalized consonants, palatalized consonants followed by /j/, and non-palatalized consonants followed by /j/.
Palatal consonant – Palatal vs. palatalized vs. sequences with /j/
English language|English), will often pronounce the sequence with /j/ as a single palatal or palatalized consonant
Polyploidy – Polyploidy in the Chromalveolata
In the Alveolata group, the remarkable species Paramecium tetraurelia underwent three successive rounds of whole-genome duplication and established itself as a major model for paleopolyploid studies.
Untranslatability
‘Untranslatability’ is a property of a text, or of any utterance, in one language, for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language when translated.
Untranslatability
Terms are, however, neither exclusively translatable nor exclusively untranslatable; rather, the degree of difficulty of translation depends on their nature, as well as on the translator’s knowledge of the languages in question.
Untranslatability
Quite often, a text or utterance that is considered to be untranslatable is actually a lacuna, or lexical gap. That is, there is no one-to-one equivalence between the word, expression or turn of phrase in the source language and another word, expression or turn of phrase in the target language. A translator can, however, resort to a number of translation procedures to compensate for this.
Untranslatability – Translation procedures
Nota bene|N.B.: The majority of examples and illustrations given below will involve translating to or from the English language.
Untranslatability – Translation procedures
The translation procedures that are available in cases of lacunae, or lexical gaps, include the following:
Untranslatability – Adaptation
An ‘adaptation’, also known as a ‘free translation’, is a procedure whereby the translator replaces a term with cultural connotations, where those connotations are restricted to readers of the original language text, with a term with corresponding cultural connotations that would be familiar to readers of the translated text.
Untranslatability – Adaptation
For example, in the Belgium|Belgian comic book The Adventures of Tintin, Tintin’s trusty canine sidekick Milou is translated as Snowy in English language|English, Bobbie in Dutch language|Dutch, Kuttus in Bengali language|Bengali, and Struppi in German language|German; likewise the detectives Dupont and Dupond become Thomson and Thompson|Thomson and Thompson in English, Jansen and Janssen in Dutch, Jonson and Ronson in Bengali language|Bengali, Schultze and Schulze in German, Hernández and Fernández in Spanish language|Spanish, and (Dùb?n and Dùpéng) in Chinese language|Chinese, Dyupon and Dyuponn in Russian language|Russian and Skafti and Skapti in Icelandic language|Icelandic.
Untranslatability – Adaptation
Adaptation is often used when translating poetry, works of theatre, and advertising.
Untranslatability – Borrowing
‘Borrowing’ is a translation procedure whereby the translator uses a word or expression from the source text in the target text unmodified.
Untranslatability – Borrowing
In English text, borrowings not sufficiently anglicised are normally in italics.
Untranslatability – Calque
‘Calque’ entails taking an expression, breaking it down to individual elements and translating each element into the target language word for word
Untranslatability – Compensation
‘Compensation’ is a translation procedure whereby the translator solves the problem of aspects of the source text that cannot take the same form in the target language by replacing these aspects with other elements or forms in the source text.
Untranslatability – Compensation
For example, many languages have two forms of the second person pronoun, namely an informal / singular form and a formal / plural form
Untranslatability – Paraphrase
‘Paraphrase’, sometimes called ‘periphrasis’, is a translation procedure whereby the translator replaces a word in the source text by a group of words or an expression in the target text
Untranslatability – Paraphrase
An example of untranslatability is seen in the Dutch language through the word , which does not have an English equivalent, though the German equivalent Gemütlichkeit is sometimes used. Literally, it means a cozy, friendly, or nice atmosphere, but can also connote time spent with loved ones, the fact of seeing a friend after a long absence, the friendliness or chattiness of a specific person, or a general sense of togetherness. Such gaps can lead to word borrowing, as with pajamas or Zeitgeist.
Untranslatability – Translator’s note
A ‘translator’s note’ is a note (usually a footnote or an endnote) added by the translator to the target text to provide additional information pertaining to the limits of the translation, the cultural background, or any other explanations
Untranslatability – Register
Although Thai language|Thai has words that can be used as equivalent to English I, you, or he/she/it, they are relatively formal terms (or markedly informal)
Untranslatability – Possession
In the case of translating the English word have to Arabic language|Arabic, Bengali language|Bengali, Finnish language|Finnish, Hebrew language|Hebrew, Hindi language|Hindi, Irish language|Irish, Japanese Language|Japanese, Korean Language|Korean, Russian language|Russian, Turkish language|Turkish, Urdu language|Urdu, or Welsh language|Welsh, some difficulty may be found
Untranslatability – Possession
In Hungarian language|Hungarian, there is a word corresponding to have: bír — but its use is quite scarce today usually turning up in very formal and legal texts
Untranslatability – Possession
A similar construction occurs in Russian, where I have translates literally into at (or by) me there is. Russian does have a word that means to have: (imet#39;) — but it is very rarely used by Russian speakers in the same way English speakers use the word have; in fact, in some cases, it may be misinterpreted as vulgar slang for the subject rudely using the object for sexual gratification; for example, in an inept translation of Do you have a wife?
Untranslatability – Possession
In Japanese, the English word to have is most often translated into the verbs iru (?? or ??) and aru (?? or ??). The former verb is used to indicate the presence of a person, animal, or other living creature (excluding plant life) while the latter verb is closer to the English to have and is used for inanimate objects. To indicate the English have in the sense of possession, the Japanese language uses the verb motsu (??), which literally means to carry.
Untranslatability – Verb forms
There is no simple way in English to contrast Finnish or Polish (continuing, corresponding to English to write) and or (a regular frequentative, to occasionally write short passages at a time, or to jot down now and then). Also, and (to jump once) and and (to continuously jump; to be jumping from point A to B) are another example.
Untranslatability – Verb forms
Irish allows the prohibitive mood to be used in the passive voice. The effect is used to prohibit something while expressing society’s disapproval for that action at the same time. For example, contrast Ná caithigí tobac (meaning Don’t smoke when said to multiple people), which uses the second person plural in the imperative meaning Do not smoke, with Ná caitear tobac, which is best translated as Smoking just isn’t done here, uses the autonomous imperative meaning One does not smoke.
Untranslatability – Verb forms
As in Latin, Italian has two distinct declined past tenses, where () and () both mean I was, the former indicating a concluded action in the (remote) past, and the latter an action that holds some connection to the present. The is often used for narrative history (for example, novels).
Untranslatability – Verb forms
Nowadays, this difference is partly geographic. In the north of Italy the is rarely used in spoken language, whereas in the south it often takes the place of the .
Untranslatability – Verb forms
Likewise, English lacks a productive grammatical means to show indirection but must instead rely on periphrasis, that is the use of multiple words to explain an idea. Finnish grammar, on the contrary, allows the regular production of a series of verbal derivatives, each of which involves a greater degree of indirection. For example, on the basis of the verb vetää (to pull), it is possible to produce:
Untranslatability – Verb forms
*vedättää (cause something/someone to pull/to wind-up (lie)),
Untranslatability – Verb forms
*vedätyttää (cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull),
Untranslatability – Verb forms
*vedätätyttää (cause something/someone to cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull).
Untranslatability – Verb forms
Most Turkic languages (Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, etc.) contain the grammatical verb suffix mi? (or mis in other dialects), which indicates that the speaker did not witness the act personally but surmises or has discovered that the act has occurred or was told of it by another
Untranslatability – Verb forms
Languages that are extremely different from each other, like English and Chinese language|Chinese, need their translations to be more like adaptations
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
German language|German and Dutch language|Dutch have a wealth of German modal particle|modal particles that are particularly difficult to translate as they convey sense or tone rather than strictly grammatical information. The most infamous example perhaps is doch (Dutch: toch), which roughly means Don’t you realize that . . . ? or In fact it is so, though someone is denying it. What makes translating such words difficult is their different meanings depending on intonation or the context.
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
A common use of the word doch can be found in the German sentence Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren, which translates to The war wasn’t lost yet, after all or The war was still not lost.
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
Several other grammatical constructs in English may be employed to translate these words for each of their occurrences. The same Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren with slightly changed pronunciation can also mean excuse in defense to a question: . . . but the war was not lost yet (. . . so we fought on).
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
A use which relies heavily on intonation and context could produce yet another meaning: So the war was really not over yet (as you have been trying to convince me all along).
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
Another change of intonation makes the sentence a question. Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren? would translate into (You mean) the war was not yet lost (back then)?
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
Another well-known example comes from the Portuguese or Spanish verbs and , both translatable as to be (see Romance copula). However, is used only with essence or nature, while is used with states or conditions. Sometimes this information is not very relevant for the meaning of the whole sentence and the translator will ignore it, whereas at other times it can be retrieved from the context.
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
When none of these apply, the translator will usually use a paraphrase or simply add words that can convey that meaning. The following example comes from Portuguese:
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
Some South Slavic words that have no English counterparts are do?ek, a gathering organized at someone’s arrival (the closest translation would be greeting or welcome; however, a ‘do?ek’ does not necessarily have to be positive); and limar, a sheet metal worker.
Untranslatability – Vocabulary
Another instance is the Russian word /posh-lost’/. This noun roughly means a mixture of banality, commonality, and vulgarity. Vladimir Nabokov mentions it as one of the hardest Russian words to translate precisely into English.
Untranslatability – Family
For various reasons, such as differences in linguistic features or culture, it is often difficult to translate terms for Kinship terminology|family members.
Untranslatability – Family
Many Bengali language|Bengali kinship words consider both gender and age
Untranslatability – Family
It is usually also difficult to translate simple English kinship words accurately into Chinese, for Chinese distinguishes great amounts of kinship terms, depending on the person’s actual position in family kinship.
Untranslatability – Family
Most Thai language|Thai words expressing kinship have no direct translations and require additional words. There are no Thai equivalents for most daily English kinship terms, as English terms leave out much information that is natural to Thai.
Untranslatability – Family
As an example, Thai does not distinguish between siblings by gender, but by age
Untranslatability – Siblings
In Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Lao, Tagalog, Turkish, most north Indian languages, Sinhala, Tamil, Telugu and Hungarian there are separate words for older brother and younger brother and, likewise, older sister and younger sister. The simple words brother and sister are rarely used to describe a person, and most commonly appear in the plural. (In Hungarian, however, the terms fiútestvér and lánytestvér, meaning male sibling and female sibling respectively, exist but are not commonly used.)
Untranslatability – Grandparents
Swedish, Norwegian and Danish have the terms farmor and farfar for paternal grandparents, and mormor and morfar for maternal grandparents. The English terms great-grandfather and great-grandmother also have different terms in Swedish, depending on lineage. This distinction between paternal and maternal grandparents is also used in Chinese, Thai as well as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali and other Indo-Aryan languages.
Untranslatability – Grandparents
Norwegian also has the terms sønnesønn, dattersønn, datterdatter and sønnedatter, meaning respectively son of my son, son of my daughter, daughter of my daughter, and daughter of my son. Similar words exist in Swedish, Danish and Icelandic. In both cases, there exist terms synonymous with the English grand-prefixed ones which are used when exact relation is not an issue. This distinction is also used in Chinese, whereas Chinese almost always states the relationship clearly.
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
In Danish language|Danish, Hindi, Gujarati, German, Tamil, Kannada, Punjabi, Bengali, Persian, Turkish, Chinese and South Slavic languages there are different words for the person indicated by mother’s brother, father’s brother and parent’s sister’s husband, all of which would be uncle in English
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
The Polish language distinguishes paternal uncle (stryj) and maternal uncle (wuj).
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
Swedish (and Danish) has words tante for auntie or lady in general, moster for maternal aunt, and faster for paternal aunt, but the last two are contractions of ‘mo’rs sy’ster’ and ‘fa’rs sy’ster’ (mother’s sister and father’s sister, respectively). The same construction is used for uncles (rendering morbror and farbror). In Danish, and occasionally in Swedish, the word onkel corresponds to the Danish word tante.
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
The distinction between maternal and paternal uncles has caused several mistranslations; for example, in Walt Disney’s DuckTales, Huey, Dewey, and Louie’s Scrooge McDuck|Uncle Scrooge was translated Roope-setä in Finnish (Paternal Uncle Robert) before it was known Scrooge was Donald’s maternal uncle
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
Arabic contains separate words for mother’s brother ??? (Kh?l) and father’s brother ?? (‘Amm)
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
Albanian distinguishes maternal and paternal aunts and uncles; paternal uncle and aunt being xhaxha and hallë respectively, while maternal uncle and aunt being dajo and teze respectively.
Untranslatability – Aunts and uncles
IsiZulu, spoken in South Africa by the Zulu people, distinguishes between maternal and paternal uncles and aunts
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Whereas English has different words for the child of one’s sibling based on its gender (nephew for the son of one’s sibling, niece for the daughter), the word cousin applies to both genders of children belonging to one’s aunt or uncle. Many languages approach these concepts very differently.
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
The Polish language distinguishes a male cousin who is the son of an uncle (brat stryjeczny) and a male cousin who is the son of an aunt (brat cioteczny); and a female cousin who is the daughter of an uncle (siostra stryjeczna) and a female cousin who is the daughter of an aunt (siostra cioteczna)
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Though Italian language|Italian distinguishes between male () and female () cousins where English does not, it uses (nephew/niece) for both genders, though a masculine/feminine article preceding this can make the distinction. Moreover, this word can also mean grandchild, adding to its ambiguity.
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Albanian language|Albanian as well has two genders for cousins, male (kushëri) and female (kushërirë). It also distinguishes between nephew (nip) and niece (mbesë), but both those words can also mean grandson and granddaughter respectively.
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
The Macedonian language also distinguishes between male () and female () cousins, the son or daughter (respectively) to an aunt or uncle. The Bulgarian language is similar in this respect, and contains an extensive list of words for referring to family members and relatives, including relations by marriage and acqaintance.
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Spanish and Portuguese distinguish in both cases: the son of a sibling is sobrino/sobrinho, whereas a daughter is sobrina/sobrinha, equally a male cousin is primo, while a female cousin is prima
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Norwegian and Danish also distinguish both cases: the son of a sibling is nevø, whereas a daughter is niece, equally a male cousin is fætter, while a female cousin is kusine. Collectively the term søskendebarn is used for both. Swedish does not make these distinctions, although it keeps the term syskonbarn – and adds brorsbarn or systerbarn depending on the gender of the sibling whose children it is.
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Dutch, on the other hand, distinguishes gender: (male) and (female), but it does not have different terms for nephew and cousin, except the unusual oomzegger and oomzegster. That is, both a son of a sibling and a son of an uncle are generally called .
Untranslatability – Nephews, nieces, and cousins
Persian, Hebrew and Arabic contain no word for cousin at all; one must say uncle’s son or an equivalent.
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
There is no standard English word for the Italian consuoceri, Yiddish makhatunim or the Spanish consuegros: a gender-neutral collective plural like co-in-laws. If Harry marries Sally, then in Yiddish, Harry’s father is the mekhutn of Sally’s father; each mother is the makheteyneste of the other. In Romanian, they are “cuscri”. In Bengali, both fathers are Beayi and mothers, Beyan.
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
Spanish contrasts brother with brother-in-law (hermano, cuñado); son with son-in-law (hijo, yerno), and similarly for female relatives like sister-in-law (cuñada); daughter-in-law (nuera). Bengali has Dada/Bhai for brother and Jamai-Babu/Bhagni-Pati for brother-in-law; Chhele for son and Jamai for son-in-law.
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
Serbian and Bosnian have specific terms for relations by marriage
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
In Spanish, Concuño or Concuñado (varying by dialect) is the relationship between two men that marry sisters (or two women that marry brothers). In the English language this relationship would be lumped in with Cuñado (sibling’s husband or spouses brother) as simply brother-in-law.
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
In Russian, fifteen different words cover relations by marriage, enough to confuse many native speakers. There are for example, as in Yiddish, words like and for co-in-laws. To further complicate the translator’s job, Russian in-laws may choose to address each other familiarly by these titles.
Untranslatability – Relations by marriage
In contrast to all of the above fine distinctions, in American English the term my brother-in-law covers my spouse’s brother, my sister’s husband, and my spouse’s sister’s husband. In British English, the last of these is not considered strictly correct.
Untranslatability – Foreign objects
Objects unknown to a culture can actually be easy to translate
Untranslatability – Foreign objects
Another method is using description instead of a single word. For example, languages like Russian and Ukrainian have borrowed words Kuraga and Uruk from Turkic languages. While both fruits are now known to the Western world, there are still no terms for them in English. English speakers have to use dried apricot without core and dried apricot with core instead.
Untranslatability – Foreign objects
One particular type of foreign object that poses difficulties is the proper noun
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
The two areas which most nearly approach total untranslatability are poetry and puns; poetry is difficult to translate because of its reliance on the sounds (for example, rhymes) and rhythms of the source language; puns, and other similar semantics|semantic wordplay, because of how tightly they are tied to the original language
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
Similarly, consider the Italian adage traduttore, traditore: a literal translation is translator, traitor. The pun is lost, though the meaning persists. (A similar solution can be given, however, in Hungarian, by saying a fordítás: ferdítés, which roughly translates as translation is distortion.)
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
That being said, many of the translation procedures discussed here can be used in these cases. For example, the translator can compensate for an untranslatable pun in one part of a text by adding a new pun in another part of the translated text.
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest incorporates in its title a pun (resonating in the last line of the play) that conflates the name Ernest with the adjective of quality earnest
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
The Asterix comic strip is renowned for its French puns; its translators have found many English translations of Asterix#Lost in translation|ingenious English substitutes.
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
Other forms of wordplay, such as spoonerisms and palindromes are equally difficult, and often force hard choices on the translator
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
Douglas Hofstadter discusses the problem of translating a palindrome into Chinese, where such wordplay is theoretically impossible, in his book – which is devoted to the issues and problems of translation, with particular emphasis on the translation of poetry. Another example given by Douglas Hofstadter is the translation of the jabberwocky poem by Lewis Carroll, with its wealth of neologisms and portmanteau words, into a number of foreign tongues.
Untranslatability – Poetry, puns and wordplay
A notable Irish joke is that it is not possible to translate mañana|mañana into Gaelic languages|Gaelic as the Irish don’t have a word that conveys that degree of urgency.
Untranslatability – Iconicity
According to Ghil’ad Zuckermann, iconicity might be the reason for refraining from translating Hallelujah and Amen in so many languages, as if the sounds of such basic religious notions have to do with their referents themselves – as if by losing the sound, one might lose the meaning
Automatic seat belts – Inflatable
In 2013, Ford began offering rear seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models, such as the Ford Explorer|Explorer and Ford Flex|Flex.
Plataforma Solar de Almería
The ‘Plataforma Solar de Almería’ (PSA) is a center for the exploration of the solar energy, situated in the Province of Almería, Spain.
Plataforma Solar de Almería – History
The PSA was founded in the early 1980s and run by the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), its location is on the edge of the Tabernas Desert in the Spanish province of Almería.[http://www.sollab.eu/psa.html sollab.eu]; A laboratory of CIEMAT, Spain
Plataforma Solar de Almería – Testing
Over 20,000 m² of mirrors are installed on a site. There are several techniques tested under practical conditions, mainly solar thermal power plants. Hydrosol-2 is a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy.
Football helmet – Inflatable padding
Ferrara immediately came up with the idea to encase football helmets with a number of inflatable pockets in order to cushion the blows a football player receives.
Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway – The Mar del Plata connection
The latest news about TAVe is the launching of the bidding process for a new line to the seaside beach resort city and major fishing port of Mar del Plata, south of Buenos Aires city, though in this case, from Constitución railway station, in the central southeast part of the city.
Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway – The Mar del Plata connection
It would only have stations in Dolores, Buenos Aires|Dolores and Chascomús and complete the journey to Mar del Plata in less than two hours
Atmospheric entry – Inflatable heat shield reentry
Deceleration for atmospheric reentry, especially for higher-speed Mars-return missions, benefit from maximizing the drag area of the entry system. The larger the diameter of the aeroshell, the bigger the payload can be. An inflatable aeroshell provides one alternative for enlarging the drag area with a low-mass design.
Atmospheric entry – Inflatable heat shield reentry
Although the second stage of the shield failed to inflate, the demonstrator survived the orbital reentry and was recovered.[http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet103/marraffa103.pdf Inflatable Re-Entry Technologies: Flight Demonstration and Future Prospects] The subsequent missions flown on the Volna rocket were not successful due to launcher failure.[http://www.2r2s.com/demo_missions.html IRDT demonstration missions]
Atmospheric entry – Inflatable heat shield reentry
NASA launched an inflatable heat shield experimental spacecraft on 17 August 2009 with the successful first test flight of the Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment (IRVE)
Atmospheric entry – Inflatable heat shield reentry
[http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/irve.html NASA Launches New Technology: An Inflatable Heat Shield], NASA Mission News, 2009-08-17, accessed 2011-01-02.
Substantia nigra – Pars reticulata
The pars reticulata bears a strong resemblance, both structurally and functionally, to the internal part of the globus pallidus. The two are sometimes considered parts of the same structure, separated by the white matter of the internal capsule. Like those of the globus pallidus, the neurons in pars reticulata are mainly Gamma-aminobutyric acid|GABAergic.
Substantia nigra – Pars reticulata
The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra is an important processing center in the basal ganglia. The GABAergic neurons in the pars reticulata convey the final processed signals of the basal ganglia to the thalamus and superior colliculus. In addition, the pars reticulata also inhibits dopaminergic activity in the pars compacta via axon collaterals, although the functional organization of these connections remains unclear.
Substantia nigra – Pars reticulata
A group of GABAergic neurons from the pars reticulata projects to the superior colliculus, exhibiting a high level of sustained inhibitory activity
Substantia nigra – Pars reticulata
Altered patterns of pars reticulata firing such as single-spike or burst firing are found in Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
Galatasaray
is one of the most important members of the Galatasaray Community together with Galatasaray University and Galatasaray High School.
Galatasaray
The football team of the club is the only European cup winner team in Football in Turkey|Turkey, holding the highest number of Turkish League cups, TSYD Cup, Turkish Super Cup as well as Turkish Cups.[http://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=411 Turkish Football Federation Official Website][http://www.angelfire.com/nj/sivritepe/CP/TSYD.html Erdinc Sivritepe’s Archive] Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in 2000.
Galatasaray
They also won Kitakyushu Champions Cup and became world champion in 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012.[http://www.galatasaray.org/en/basketbol/haber/223.php Kitakyushu Cup Champion is Galatasaray!][http://www.galatasaray.org/en/basketbol/haber/663.php Galatasaray European Wheelchair Basketball Champion!] Galatasaray women’s basketball team won the FIBA Eurocup 2009.[http://www.galatasaray.org/en/basketbol/haber/640.php Galatasaray EuroCup Champion!]
Galatasaray – Name
The name Galatasaray comes from that of Galatasaray High School, which in turn takes its name from Galata Saray? Enderûn-u Hümâyûn (Galata Palace Imperial School), the name of the original moool founded on the site in 1481, and which in turn took its name from the nearby medieval Republic of Genoa|Genoese citadel of Galata. Galatasaray translates directly as ‘Galata Palace’.
Galatasaray – History
Galatasaray Sports Club was founded in the fall of 1905, by Galatasaray High School (an elite High School founded in 1481) students as a football (soccer)|football club. Galatasaray’s first president was Ali Sami Yen. Their first match was against Cadi Keuy FRC and they won this match 2–0. There were discussions about the club’s name, in which some suggested Gloria (victory) and others Audace (courage), but it was decided that its name would be Galatasaray.
Galatasaray – History
In that match, Galatasaray won 2–0 over Rûm club and the spectators called them Galata Saray? Efendileri (in English language|English: Gentlemen of Galata (City) Palace), and, after this event, they adopted that name and started to call their club GalataSaray
Galatasaray – History
Among with the founder Ali Sami Yen, the co-founders were the ones who were keen to do this sport, such as Asim Tevfik Sonumut, Re?at ?irvani, Cevdet Kalpakç?o?lu, Abidin Daver and Kamil.
Galatasaray – History
At first, the colors of the Galatasaray Sports Club were red and white. These are the colors in Turkish flag. However, Turkish Republic was not founded at that time. Therefore, this inspiration caused repressive administration of the day feel uncomfortable and the administration hounded the footballers. For this reason, the colors were changed to yellow and dark blue till 1907. In 1908,
Galatasaray – History
new colors were chosen as red and yellow. Ali Sami Yen stated, We were imagining brightness of yellow – red fire over our team and thinking that it would carry us from one victory to another.
Galatasaray – History
While the football in Turkey began to fully develop, Galatasaray won ten more Istanbul League titles, six Sunday League titles and three Friday League titles until 1952. Upon recognition of professional football in 1952, the first professional but non-national league of Turkey, Istanbul Professional League played between 1952 and 1959. Galatasaray won three of these seven titles.
Galatasaray – History
Turkcell Super League formed in 1959. This is the top-flight professional league in Turkish nationwide football, and the most popular sporting competition in the country. Galatasaray joined all seasons and won 19 league titles since then.
Galatasaray – History
The Turkish Football Federation started to organize Turkish Cup (today it is organized with the name Turkish Cup|Ziraat Turkish Cup) in the 1962–63 season for Turkish clubs to qualify for the UEFA competitions. This is the only national cup competition in Turkey. Galatasaray joined all seasons and won 14 trophies since then.
Galatasaray – Crest
Galatasaray’s first emblem was a figure of a spread-winged eagle with a football in its beak, drawn by 333 (Galatasaray High School student number) ?evki Ege. This was replaced in 1925 by the current “Ghayn-Sin” crest, designed by Ayetullah Emin.www.galatasaray.org/tarih/pages/tarihlogo.php
Galatasaray – Team colours and kit
Galatasaray wore red and white colours when founded, then played in dark yellow and dark blue during the 1907–1908 season.
Galatasaray – Team colours and kit
For a match against the football team of the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Barham’s crewmen, played on 8 December 1908, Galatasaray finally settled on playing in red and yellow.
Galatasaray – Team colours and kit
Ali Sami Yen, the main founder of Galatasaray, wrote the following in his diaries:
Galatasaray – Team colours and kit
“Our goalkeeper As?m Tevfik, left-forwarder Emin Bülent Serdaro?lu|Emin Bülent and right midfielder Ali Sami Yen were commissioned for the task of determining the new team colours
Galatasaray – Team colours and kit
The red and yellow colours were also inspired from the roses which Gül Baba (poet)|Gül Baba offered to Sultan Bayezid II.
Galatasaray – Defunct departments
: ‘?stanbul Championship’: Winner(8) 1945 to 1955
Galatasaray – Defunct departments
: ‘Turkish Championship’: Winner(2)
Galatasaray – Defunct departments
The first boxer in Turkey was Sabri Mahir.
Galatasaray – Stadium
Galatasaray played during its first years in different fields, since there were not any stadiums in Istanbul. In 1921, the first stadium, Taksim Stadium opened. Galatasaray played there until 1940. When the historic Taksim Military Barracks|Taksim Stadium was demolished, Galatasaray decided to build a large, modern stadium. Due to difficulties stemming from World War II, construction was delayed for over two decades. In this period, they played in BJK ?nönü Stadium|?nönü Stadium.
Galatasaray – Stadium
On 20 December 1964, Ali Sami Yen Stadium opened. It is named after the founder of the club, Ali Sami Yen. It is in the Mecidiyeköy quarter of the ?i?li district at the center of the city. In 1964, the stadium had a capacity of over 35,000. Today, due to improvements in security and prohibition of standing spectators, it has an all-seater capacity of 24,990. The nickname of the stadium is Hell.
Galatasaray – Stadium
After 2002, when Atatürk Olympic Stadium was built for Istanbul’s Olympic Games bid, Galatasaray started to play UEFA Champions League|European Cup matches there. The attendance record for a Turkish stadium was broken there, in a Galatasaray–Olympiacos match played in front of 79,414 spectators. But the Ali Sami Yen Stadium has historic importance for Galatasaray fans although it is smaller and older.
Galatasaray – Stadium
The new Türk Telekom Arena stadium was built for Galatasaray in return for the highly valued land of the historic Ali Sami Yen stadium in Mecidiyekoy, and will be the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K., replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The new stadium has a capacity of 52,695 seats.
Galatasaray – Stadium
Since 1998, after every goal scored by Galatasaray, the last part of the song I Will Survive by the Hermes House Band is played. Although the song is in English and already adopted by Dutch football team Feyenoord, the part used has no lyrics except la la la la. This makes it easy for fans to participate.
Galatasaray – Stadium
In addition, before every game the Florida State Seminoles’ War chant is played accompanied by what the fans call a scarf show, where fans display and wave their Galatasaray scarves.[http://youtube.com/watch?v=xpH_eVw6qi8 Galatasaray fans show at Youtube]
Galatasaray – Other facilities
* Galatasaray Beyo?lu Hasnun Galip Club Administrative Center
Galatasaray – Other facilities
* [http://www.galatasaray.org/kulupbilgi/pages/tesislermaslak.php Galatasaray Nevzat Özgörkey Equestrian Facilities]
Galatasaray – Other businesses
Shops are in ?stanbul (36), Ankara (6), Antalya (4), ?zmir (4), Konya (3), Samsun (2), Adana (2), Bursa (2), Ayd?n (2), Sakarya (2), Afyon (1), Aksaray (1), Bal?kesir (1), Batman (1), Bolu (1), Çorum (1), Denizli (1), Elaz?? (1), Gaziantep (1), ?zmit (1), ?skenderun (1), Kahramanmara? (1), Kayseri (1), Malatya (1), Manisa (1), Mersin (1), Mu?la (1), Osmaniye (1), ?anl?urfa (1), Tekirda? (1), Yalova (1) and Neuss (2), Lefko?a (1), Baku (1).[http://www.gsstore.org/Magazalarimiz.asp GS Store Official Website][http://www.galatasaray-store.de/ GS Store Germany]
Galatasaray – Other businesses
The club also owns an online betting company, GS Bilyoner;[http://www9.gazetevatan.com/haberdetay.asp?Categoryid=1Newsid=264467 Vatan Newspaper] an insurance company, GS Sigorta HDI;[http://www.sigortam.net/kasko-sigortasi/galatasaray-hdi-sigortayla-sektore-girdi Sigortam.net] an Internet service provider company, GSNET,[http://www.ttnet.com.tr/gsnet GS NET Official Website][http://www.galatasaray.org/gsnet/haber/8594.php Galatasaray.org] a travel agency, GSTRAVEL a forex company, GSForex and a search engine company, GSYandex.[http://www.galatasaray.org/kulup/haber/14622.php Galatasaray, Yandex ??birli?i ile Dünyada Bir ?lke Daha ?mza At?yor][http://gsyandex.com/ GSYandex Official Website]
Attic Greek – Palatalization
Proto-Indo-European language|PIE *ky or *chy ? Proto-Greek ts (palatalization) ? Attic tt. — Ionic and Koine ss.
Attic Greek – Palatalization
* Proto-Greek *gl?’kh-y’a ? Attic gl?’tt’a — Ionic gl?’ss’a tongue
Attic Greek – Palatalization
* PIE *kwe’tw’ores ? Attic te’tt’ares — Ionic te’ss’eres four (Latin qua’ttu’or)
Attic Greek – Palatalization
* Doric reduplication|ti-Proto-Indo-European root|the-n’ti’ ? Attic tith?’si’ = ?????’??’ he places (compensatory lengthening of e ? ? = spurious diphthong ??)
Battle of Plataea
The ‘Battle of Plataea’ was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an alliance of the Ancient Greece|Greek city-states, including Sparta, History of Athens|Athens, Corinth and Megara, and the Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire of Xerxes I.
Battle of Plataea
The previous year the Persian invasion force, led by the Persian king in person, had scored victories at the battles of Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae and Battle of Artemisium|Artemisium and conquered Thessaly, Boeotia, Euboea and Attica
Battle of Plataea
The Persians retreated to Boeotia and built a fortified camp near Plataea
Battle of Plataea
Although Plataea was in every sense a resounding victory, it does not seem to have been attributed the same significance (even at the time) as, for example, the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon or the Spartan Battle of Thermopylae|defeat at Thermopylae.
Battle of Plataea – Background
The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494BC
Battle of Plataea – Background
Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece
Battle of Plataea – Background
The Allies initially adopted a strategy of blocking land and sea approaches to southern Greece.Holland, pp
Battle of Plataea – Background
Following Thermopylae the Persian army proceeded to burn and sack the Boeotian cities that had not surrendered, Plataea and Thespiae, before taking possession of the now-evacuated city of Athens
Battle of Plataea – Background
Following the defeat of his navy at Salamis, Xerxes retreated to Asia with the bulk of his army
Battle of Plataea – Background
Athens, along with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance and threatening to accept the Persian terms if it was not given.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231461;layout=;loc=9.7A%201 IX, 7] According to Herodotus, the Spartans, who were at that time celebrating the festival of Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus, delayed making a decision until they were persuaded by a guest, Chileos of Tegea, who pointed out the danger to all of Greece if the Athenians surrendered.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231465;layout=;loc=9.10.1 IX, 6–9] When the Athenian emissaries delivered an ultimatum to the Spartans the next day, they were amazed to hear that a task force was in fact already en route; the Spartan army was marching to meet the Persians.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231467;layout=;loc=9.10.1 IX, 10]
Battle of Plataea – Prelude
When Mardonius learned of the Spartan force, he completed the destruction of Athens, tearing down whatever was left standing.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231469;layout=;loc=9.12.1 IX, 13] He then retreated towards Thebes, Greece|Thebes, hoping to lure the Greek army into territory that would be suitable for the Persian cavalry
Battle of Plataea – Prelude
The army then marched in Boeotia across the passes of Mount Cithaeron, arriving near Plataea, and above the Persian position on the Asopus
Battle of Plataea – Prelude
Mardonius also initiated hit-and-run cavalry attacks against the Greek lines, possibly trying to lure the Greeks down to the plain in pursuit
Battle of Plataea – Prelude
Mardonius then launched another cavalry raid on the Greek lines, which succeeded in blocking the Gargaphian Spring, which had been the only source of water for the Greek army (they could not use the Asopus due to the threat posed by Persian archers).Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231505;layout=;loc=9.48.1 IX, 49] Coupled with the lack of food, the restriction of the water supply made the Greek position untenable, so they decided to retreat to a position in front of Plataea, from where they could guard the passes and have access to fresh water.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231507;layout=;loc=9.52.1 IX 51] To prevent the Persian cavalry from attacking during the retreat, it was to be performed that night.
Battle of Plataea – Prelude
A single Spartan division was thus left on the ridge to guard the rear, while the Spartans and Tegeans retreated uphill; Pausanias also instructed the Athenians to begin the retreat and if possible join up with the Spartans.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231511;layout=;loc=9.54.1 IX, 55] However, the Athenians at first retreated directly towards Plataea, and thus the Allied battle line remained fragmented as the Persian camp began to stir.
Battle of Plataea – The Greeks
According to Herodotus, the Spartans sent 45,000 men—5,000 Spartiates (full citizen soldiers), 5,000 other Laconia (ancient region)|Lacodaemonian hoplites (perioeci) and 35,000 helots (seven per Spartiate)
Battle of Plataea – The Greeks
According to Herodotus, there were a total of 69,500 lightly armed troops—35,000 helots and 34,500 troops from the rest of Greece; roughly one per hoplite
Battle of Plataea – The Greeks
Athens, for instance, allegedly fielded a fleet of 180 triremes at Salamis,Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231347;layout=;loc=8.43.1 VIII, 44] manned by approximately 36,000 rowers.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126layout=loc=7.184 VII, 184] Thus 69,500 light troops could easily have been sent to Plataea
Battle of Plataea – The Greeks
A further complication is that a certain proportion of the Allied manpower was needed to man the fleet, which amounted to at least 110 triremes, and thus approximately 22,000 men.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126layout=loc=8.132 VIII, 132] Since the Battle of Mycale was fought at least near-simultaneously with the Battle of Plataea, then this was a pool of manpower which could not have contributed to Plataea, and further reduces the likelihood that 110,000 Greeks assembled before Plataea.Holland, p
Battle of Plataea – The Greeks
The Greek forces were, as agreed by the Allied congress, under the overall command of Spartan royalty in the person of Pausanias (general)|Pausanias, who was the regent for Leonidas’ young son, Pleistarchus, his cousin
Battle of Plataea – The Persians
According to Herodotus, the Ancient Persia|Persians numbered 300,000 and were accompanied by troops from Greek city states that supported the Persian cause (including Thebes). Herodotus admits that no one counted the latter, but he guesses that there were about 50,000 of them.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231488;layout=;loc=9.31.1 IX, 32]
Battle of Plataea – The Persians
Ctesias, who wrote a history of Persia based on Persian archives, claimed there were 120,000 Persian and 7,000 Greek soldiers, but his account is generally garbled (for instance, placing this battle before Salamis, he also says there were only 300 Spartans, 1000 perioeci and 6000 from the other cities at Plataea, perhaps confusing it with Thermopylae).Ctesias, [http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica2.html Persica]
Battle of Plataea – The Persians
Diodorus Siculus claims in his Bibliotheca historica that the number of the Persian troops was some five hundred thousand.www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D30%3Asection%3D1
Battle of Plataea – The Persians
29 Indeed, most estimates for the total Persian force are generally in this range.[http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/ancient/plataea/default.aspx Military History Online website]Green, pp
Battle of Plataea – Strategic and tactical considerations
In some ways the run-up to Plataea resembled that at the Battle of Marathon; there was a prolonged stalemate in which neither side risked attacking the other. The reasons for this stalemate were primarily tactical, and similar to the situation at Marathon; the Greek hoplites did not want to risk being outflanked by the Persian cavalry and the lightly armed Persian infantry could not hope to assault well-defended positions.
Battle of Plataea – Strategic and tactical considerations
According to Herodotus, both sides wished for a decisive battle that would tip the war in their favor.Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231497;layout=;loc=9.40.1 IX, 41] However, Lazenby believed that Mardonius’ actions during the Plataea campaign were not consistent with an aggressive policy.Lazenby, pp
Battle of Plataea – Strategic and tactical considerations
When Mardonius’ raids disrupted the Allied supply chain, it forced a strategic rethink on the part of the Allies
Battle of Plataea – The battle
Once the Persians discovered that the Greeks had abandoned their positions and appeared to be in retreat, Mardonius decided to set off in immediate pursuit with the elite Persian infantry.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231515;layout=;loc=9.58.1 IX, 59] As he did so, the rest of the Persian army, unbidden, began to move forward
Battle of Plataea – The battle
According to Herodotus, Pausanias refused to advance because good omens were not divined in the goat sacrifices that were performed.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231517;layout=;loc=9.60.1 IX, 61] At this point, as Greek soldiers began to fall under the barrage of arrows, the Tegeans started to run at the Persian lines
Battle of Plataea – The battle
The numerically superior Persian infantry were of the heavy (by Persian standards) sparabara formation, but this was still much lighter than the Greek Phalanx formation|phalanx
Battle of Plataea – The battle
On the opposite side of the battlefield the Athenians had triumphed in a tough battle against the Thebans.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231523;layout=;loc=9.66.1 IX, 67] The other Greeks fighting for the Persians had deliberately fought badly, according to Herodotus
Battle of Plataea – The battle
According to Herodotus, only 43,000 Persians survived the battle
Battle of Plataea – Accounts of individuals
Herodotus recounts several anecdotes about the conduct of specific Spartans during the battle.
Battle of Plataea – Accounts of individuals
* ‘Amompharetus’: The leader of a battalion of Spartans, he refused to undertake the night-time retreat towards Plataea before the battle, since doing so would be shameful for a Spartan.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231509;layout=;loc=9.54.1 IX 53] Herodotus has an angry debate continuing between Pausanias and Amompharetus until dawn, whereupon the rest of the Spartan army finally began to retreat, leaving Amompharetus’ division behind.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231512;layout=;loc=9.55.1 IX, 56] Not expecting this, Amompharetus eventually led his men after the retreating Spartans.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231513;layout=;loc=9.56.1 IX 97] However, another tradition remembers Amompharetus as winning great renown at Plataea, and it has thus been suggested that Amompharetus, far from being insubordinate, had instead volunteered to guard the rear.
Battle of Plataea – Accounts of individuals
However, his colleague had insisted on being led into battle, partially blind, by a helot.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231293;layout=;loc=7.230.1 VII, 229] Preferring to return to Sparta, Aristodemus was branded a coward and suffered a year of reproach before Plataea
Battle of Plataea – Accounts of individuals
* ‘Callicrates’: Considered the most beautiful man, not among the Spartans only, but in the whole Greek camp, Callicrates was eager to distinguish himself that day as a warrior but was deprived of the chance by a stray arrow that pierced his side while standing in formation
Battle of Plataea – Aftermath
According to Herodotus, the Battle of Mycale occurred on the same afternoon as Plataea.
Battle of Plataea – Aftermath
A Greek fleet under the Spartan king Leotychides had sailed to Samos to challenge the remnants of the Persian fleet.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231552;layout=;loc=9.95.1 IX, 96] The Persians, whose ships were in a poor state of repair, had decided not to risk fighting and instead drew their ships up on the beach at the feet of Mycale|Mount Mycale in Ionia
Battle of Plataea – Aftermath
With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale, the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. Moreover, the threat of future invasion was abated; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again, over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished.
Battle of Plataea – Aftermath
The remnants of the Persian army, under the command of Artabazus, tried to retreat back to Asia Minor
Battle of Plataea – Significance
Conversely, the Battles of Plataea and Mycale were both fought from a relative position of Greek strength, and against lesser odds; the Greeks, in fact, sought out battle on both occasions.
Battle of Plataea – Significance
Militarily, the major lesson of both Plataea and Mycale (since both were fought on land) was to re-emphasise the superiority of the hoplite over the more lightly armed Persian infantry, as had first been demonstrated at Marathon.Holland, pp
Battle of Plataea – Monuments to the battle
A bronze column in the shape of intertwined snakes (the Serpent column) was created from melted-down Persian weapons, acquired in the plunder of the Persian camp, and was erected at Delphi.Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126layout=loc=9.81.1 IX, 81] It commemorated all the Greek city-states that had participated in the battle, listing them on the column, and thus confirming some of Herodotus’ claims.Note to Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126layout=loc=9.81.1 IX, 81] Most of it still survives in the Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), where it was carried by Constantine the Great during the founding of his city on the Greek colony of Byzantium.Gibbon, chapters 17 and 68
Battle of Plataea – Sources
The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus
Battle of Plataea – Sources
Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides.Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, e.g
Battle of Plataea – Sources
The Sicilian historian, Diodorus Siculus, writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca historica|Bibliotheca Historica, also provides an account of the Battle of Plataea
Hasan ?a? – Galatasaray
Galatasaray won the UEFA Cup title in 2000 over Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal in a hard-fought final, and went on to win the 2000 European Super Cup.
Hasan ?a? – Galatasaray
In the UEFA Champions League|Champions League competition in 2000–01 UEFA Champions League|2000–01, the left-sided attacker made 12 appearances for Galatasaray
Hasan ?a? – Galatasaray
At the end of the 2008–09 Super Lig season it was announced that Galatasaray would not be renewing his contract and after declining many lucrative contracts to play in Qatar and Saudi Arabia, Hasan announced his retirement from professional football.www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detaylink=178018bolum=5
Voiceless palatal plosive
The ‘voiceless palatal stop’ is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
Voiceless palatal plosive
It is common for the symbol to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricate consonant|affricates, for example in the Languages of India|Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop consonant|stop and affricate is not contrastive.
Voiceless palatal fricative
However, the sound represented by the letter ç in French, Portuguese and English language|English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but , the voiceless alveolar fricative.
Voiceless palatal fricative
Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world’s languages have as a phoneme. The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of in German, or, in other languages, of in the vicinity of front vowels, such as the non-silent ‘h’ of huge as in most dialects of English.
Voiceless palatal fricative – Features
Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
Latin might be from an originally Celtic ethnic or tribal name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the early 5th century BC Celtic expansions into Italy. Its root may be the Common Celtic *galno-, meaning power or strength. The Greek (cf. Galatia in Anatolia) seems to be based on the same root, borrowed directly from the same hypothetical Celtic source which gave us (the suffix -atai is simply an ethnic name indicator).
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
Schumacher’s account is slightly different: He states that Galli (nominative singular *gallos) is derived from the present stem of the verb which he reconstructs for Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic as *gal-nV- (it is not clear what the vowel in the suffix, marked as V, should be reconstructed as), whose meaning he gives as to be able to, to gain control of, while Galatai comes from the same root and is to be reconstructed as nominative singular *galatis jambe), and the diphthong au would be unexplained; the regular outcome of Latin Gallia is Jaille in French which is found in several western placenames.Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (OUP 1966), p
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
The French term for Welsh is :wikt:gallois|gallois, which is, however, not derived from the Latin Galli, but, like gaulois, borrowed (with suffix substitution) from Germanic *walhiska- Celtic, Gallo-Roman, Romance or its Old English descendant wælisc (= Modern English Welsh)
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
The English word Welsh originates from the word wælis?, the Old English language|Anglo-Saxon form of *walha|walhiska-, the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word for foreign or Celt (South German :de:Welsche|Welsch(e) Celtic speaker, French speaker, Italian speaker; Old Norse valskr, pl. valir Gaulish, French), that is supposed to be derived of the name of the Volcae, a Celtic tribe who lived first in the South of Germany and emigrated then to Gaul.
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
The Germanic term may ultimately have a Celtic source: It is possibly the result of a loan of the Celtic tribal name into pre-Germanic, *wolk- changing according to Grimm’s Law to yield proto-Germanic *walh-. The Volcae were one of the Celtic peoples who for two centuries barred the southward expansion of the Germanic tribes (in what is now central Germany) on the line of the Harz mountains and into Saxony and Silesia.
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
In the Middle Ages, territories with primarily Romance languages|Romance-speaking populations, such as France and Italy, were known in German as as opposed to , and the word is cognate with Vlach and Walloons|Walloon as well as with the -wall in Cornwall. Other examples are the surnames Wallace and Walsh. During the early Germanic period, the term seems to have been applied to the peasant population of the Roman Empire, most of whom were in the areas immediately settled by the Germanic people.
Pronunciation of Celtic – Galli, Galatai
The term Gael is, despite superficial similarity, also completely unrelated to Galli, see Gaels#Terminology.
Palatalization
In linguistics, ‘palatalization’ or ‘palatization’ may refer to two different processes by which a sound, usually a consonant, comes to be produced with the tongue in a position in the mouth near the palate.
Palatalization
For example, in the Polish language|Polish word kiedy (when), the letters ki represent a palatalized , indicated in International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA notation as , with a superscript j
Palatalization
The other meaning of palatalization is encountered in historical linguistics, and refers to a sound change in which a consonant’s place of articulation becomes closer to the palatal consonant|palatal position
Palatalization
Palatalization of both types is widespread across languages in the world, though its actual manifestation varies. In some languages, such as the Slavic languages, palatal or palatalized consonants are frequently referred to as ‘soft consonants’, with others called ‘hard consonants’.
Palatalization
The term ‘palatalized vowel’ is also sometimes used, to refer to a vowel that has become front vowel|fronter or close vowel|closer.
Palatalization – Types
See also Palatal hook.
Palatalization – Types
*A common Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilatory process or the result of such a process, which involves front vowels (that is, sounds with a higher formant|second formant such as and ) and/or the palatal approximant causing nearby Phone (phonetics)|phones to shift towards (though not necessarily coming to) the Palatal consonant|palatal Place of articulation|articulatory position or to positions closer to the front of the mouth.
Palatalization – Types
The first may be the result of the second, but they are often different. A vowel may palatalize a consonant (sense 2), but the result might not be a palatalized consonant in the phonetic sense (sense 1), or the phonetically palatalized (sense 1) consonant may occur irrespective of adjacency to front vowels.
Palatalization – Types
Terminology such as palatal vowel is found, but this is primary and not secondary articulation.
Palatalization – Phonetics
Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or velarized articulation
Palatalization – Phonetics
For example, according to Thurneysen, palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in Old Irish had a corresponding onglide (reflected as in the spelling), which was no longer present in Middle Irish (based on explicit testimony of grammarians of the time).
Palatalization – Phonetics
Palatalization can also occur as a suprasegmental feature that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable. This is the case in Skolt Sami, a language which is unusual in contrasting suprasegmental palatalization with segmental palatalization (i.e., inherently palatalized consonants).
Palatalization – Mechanism
Palatalization as a sound change is usually triggered only by Mid vowel|mid, Close vowel|close (high) front vowels and the semi-vowel ; but counterexamples to this are also found. The sound that results from palatalization may vary from language to language. For example, palatalization of may produce , etc. A change from e.g. to may pass through as an intermediate state, but there is no requirement for this to happen.
Palatalization – Mechanism
Palatalization of velar consonants|velar consonants commonly causes them to get fronted, while apical consonant|apical and coronal consonant|coronal consonants are usually raised. In the process, stop consonants are often spirantized, except for the palatalized labials.
Palatalization – Mechanism
In Gallo-Romance, Vulgar Latin * became * very early, with the subsequent deaffrication and some further developments of the vowel. For instance:
Palatalization – Historical (diachronic) palatalization
Palatalization may result in a Phonological change#Phonemic splits|phonemic split, that is, a historical linguistics|historical change by which a phoneme becomes two new phonemes over time through phonetic palatalization.
Palatalization – Historical (diachronic) palatalization
Old historical splits have frequently drifted since the time they occurred, and may be independent of current phonetic palatalization. The lenition tendency of palatalized consonants (by assibilation and deaffrication) is important here. According to some analyses,e.g. the lenition of the palatalized consonant is still a part of the palatalization process itself.
Palatalization – Historical (diachronic) palatalization
An extreme example occurs in Spanish language|Spanish, where palatalized (Hard and soft G|’soft’) g has ended up as ; this results from a long process where became palatalized to , then assibilated to , deaffricated to , devoiced to shifted back to the velar consonant|velar place of articulation (See History of Spanish and ceceo for more information).
Palatalization – Historical (diachronic) palatalization
In Southwestern Romance, in word-initial clusters with a voiceless obstruent became palatalized, as Latin clamare (‘to call’) ? Italian chiamare and Portuguese chamar; in Spanish, the obstruent drops before the palatalized liquid: llamar
Palatalization – Historical (diachronic) palatalization
The pronunciation of wicca as is a spelling pronunciation based on unfamiliarity with Old English spelling conventions (wicca was presumably ? *wikj? ); in the other cases, the words come from related dialects or languages (skirt from Danish) which differed in the place and degree of palatalization
Palatalization – Examples
A more recent palatalization (c
Palatalization – Examples
Japanese has only recently regained phonetic and through borrowed words, and thus this originally allophonic palatalization has become lexical
Palatalization – Examples
In Indo-Aryan languages, dentals and are palatalized when occurring in clusters before while velars are not.
Palatalization – Synchronic palatalization
Palatalization may be a synchronic phonology|phonological process, i.e., some phonemes have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before front vowels, and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, it often goes unnoticed by native speakers. As an example, compare the of English key with that of coo, or tea with took. The consonant in the first word of each pair is palatalized, but few English speakers would perceive them as distinct.
Palatalization – Synchronic palatalization
On the surface, it would appear then that ban (‘coin’) forms a minimal pair with bani The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme |-| palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted.
Palatalization – Synchronic palatalization
Palatalization may also occur as a morphology (linguistics)|morphological process. For example, although Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal:See for a fuller list of examples.
Palatalization – Synchronic palatalization
Phonetic palatalization of a consonant often coarticulation|correlates with surrounding vowels. In Russian, soft (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more front vowel|front (that is, closer to or ), and vowels following hard (unpalatalized) consonants are further back vowel|back. See Russian phonology#Allophony|Russian phonology for more information.
Palatalization – Local uses of the word
Such palatalized consonants are not always phonetically palatalized; e.g., in Russian, when undergoes palatalization, a palatalized sibilant offglide appears, as in ???? .
Palatalization – Local uses of the word
In Uralic languages|Uralic linguistics, palatalization has the standard phonetic meaning. , , , , , are distinct phonemes, as they are in the Slavic languages, but and are not considered either palatal or palatalized sounds. Also, the Uralic palatalized is a stop with no frication, unlike in Russian.
Palatalization – Local uses of the word
In using the Latin alphabet for Uralic languages, palatalization is typically denoted with an acute accent, as in Võro ; an apostrophe, as in Karelian language|Karelian ; or digraphs in j, as in the Savo dialect of Finnish language|Finnish, . Postalveolars, in contrast, take a caron, , or are digraphs in , .
Tatar language – Palatalisation
Palatalisation is not common in Tatar. As a result, speakers have no problem using the Arabic and Ja?alif scripts, neither of which has an accepted method for indicating palatalisation.
Tatar language – Palatalisation
In general, Russian words with palatalisation have entered into the speech of bilingual Tatars since the 1930s. When writing in the Cyrillic alphabet, Russian words are spelled as they are in Russian. In today’s Latin orthography, palatalisation is sometimes represented by an Acute accent|acute diacritic under the vowel.
Tatar language – Palatalisation
Some Tatars speak Russian without palatalisation, which is known as a Tatar accent.
Sufi philosophy – Lataif-e-sitta
Drawing from Qur’anic verses, virtually all Sufis distinguish
Sufi philosophy – Lataif-e-sitta
and Akhfa. These lataif (singular: latifa) designate various
Sufi philosophy – Lataif-e-sitta
psychospiritual organs or, sometimes, faculties of sensory and
Sufi philosophy – Lataif-e-sitta
suprasensory perception. They are thought to be parts of the self in a
Resuscitation – Hands-Only CPR portrayed as more palatable version
Less than 1/3 of those people who experience a cardiac arrest at home, work or in a public location have CPR performed on them
Denominazione di origine controllata
‘Denominazione di origine controllata’ (Controlled designation of origin) is a quality assurance label for Italy|Italian food products, especially Italian wines|wines and various List of Italian cheeses|cheeses (‘Denominazione di Origine Protetta’)
Denominazione di origine controllata
* ‘DO’ — ‘D’enominazione di ‘O’rigine (designation of origin, seldom used)
Denominazione di origine controllata
* ‘DOCG’ — ‘D’enominazione di ‘O’rigine ‘C’ontrollata e ‘G’arantita (controlled designation of origin guaranteed)
Denominazione di origine controllata
All three require that a food product be produced within the Geographical indication|specified region using defined methods and that it satisfy a defined quality standard.
Denominazione di origine controllata
The need for a DOCG identification arose when the DOC designation was, in the view of many Italian food industries, given too liberally to different products. A new, more restrictive identification was then created, as similar as possible to the previous one so that buyers could still recognize it, but qualitatively different.
Denominazione di origine controllata
A notable difference for wines is that DOCG labelled wines are analysed and tasted by government–licensed personnel before being bottled. To prevent later manipulation, DOCG wine bottles then are sealed with a numbered governmental seal across the cap or cork.
Denominazione di origine controllata
Italian legislation additionally regulates the use of the following qualifying terms for wines:
Denominazione di origine controllata
* classico (classic): is reserved for wines produced in the region where a particular type of wine has been produced traditionally. For the Chianti#Chianti Classico|Chianti Classico, this traditional region is defined by a decree from July 10, 1932.
Denominazione di origine controllata
* Reserve wine|riserva (reserve): may be used only for wines that have been aged at least two years longer than normal for a particular type of wine.
Denominazione di origine controllata
For wines produced in Bolzano, where German language|German is an official language, DOC may alternatively be written as Kontrollierte Ursprungsbezeichnung and DOCG may be written as Kontrollierte und garantierte Ursprungsbezeichnung.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002R0753:20071214:EN:PDF Commission Regulation (EC) No 753/2002 of 29 April 2002 laying down certain rules for applying Council Regulation (EC) No 1493/1999 as regards the description, designation, presentation and protection of certain wine sector products], consolidated version up until Commission Regulation (EC) No 1471/2007 of 13 December 2007
Silene undulata
‘Silene undulata’ ( — “white ways/paths”, also known as African Dream Root) is a plant native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa.J. F. Sobiecki: [http://www.sahumanities.org.za/uploads/41553940-4b19-4e56-b576-4353a5485138/sobiecki.pdf A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects.] (PDF, 197kB) in Southern African Humanities, Vol. 20, Pages 333–351, December 2008
Silene undulata – Cultivation
In cultivation, S. undulata is an easily grown, but moisture hungry herb. It is tolerant of extreme heat (ref name=Sobiecki /referencesref name=fzreferences /
Persian Wars – June 479 BC: Battles of Plataea and Mycale
Athens, with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if they were not aided.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.7 IX, 7] In response, the Spartans summoned a large army from the Peloponnese cities and marched to meet the Persians.Herodotus [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+9.10 IX, 10]
Persian Wars – June 479 BC: Battles of Plataea and Mycale
This maneuver went awry, leaving the Athenians, and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills, with the other contingents scattered further away near Plataea
Persian Wars – June 479 BC: Battles of Plataea and Mycale
Whilst many modern historians doubt that Mycale took place on the same day as Plataea, the battle may well only have occurred once the Allies received news of the events unfolding in Greece.Dandamaev, p
Aristodemus of Sparta – Plataea
At the Battle of Plataea, Aristodemus fought with such fury that the Spartans regarded him as having redeemed himself. Although they removed the black mark against his name, they would not award him any special honors for his valour because he had fought with suicide|suicidal recklessness; the Spartans having regarded as more valorous those who fought while still wishing to live. Aristodemus charged, berserker-like, out of the phalanx and killed several Persians on his own before dying.
Gaudapada – Chapter Four: The Peace of The Firebrand (Alatasanti)
Gaudapada refutes Sankhya’s theory of causality i.e
Tendinosis – Inflatable brace
The use of an inflatable brace (AirHeel) was shown to be as effective as eccentric loading in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Both modalities produced significant reduction in pain scores, but their combination was no more effective than either treatment alone.
Tilde – Palatal n
The tilded (, ) developed from the digraph in Spanish. In this language, is considered a separate letter called Ñ|eñe (), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters and . In addition, the word tilde can refer to any diacritic in this language; for example, the acute accent in José is also called a tilde in Spanish. Current languages in which the tilded () is used for the palatal nasal consonant include:
Tilde – Palatal n
* Filipino language|Filipino
Inflatable space structures
‘Inflatable space structures’ are structures which use pressurized air to maintain shape and rigidity. Notable examples of terrestrial inflatable structures include inflatable boats, and some military tents.
Inflatable space structures
Inflatable structures are also candidates for Inflatable space habitat|space structures, given their low weight, and hence easy transportability.
Polish code pages – Palatal and palatalized consonants
The spelling rule for the alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal sounds , , , and is as follows: before the vowel the plain letters are used; before other vowels the combinations are used; when not followed by a vowel the diacritic forms are used. For example, the in siwy (grey-haired), the in siarka (sulphur) and the in ?wi?ty (holy) all represent the sound .
Polish code pages – Palatal and palatalized consonants
Special attention should be paid to before plus a vowel. In words of foreign origin the causes the palatalization of the preceding consonant to , and it is pronounced as . This situation occurs when the corresponding genitive form ends in -nii, pronounced as , not with -ni, pronounced as (which is a situation typical to the words of Polish origin). For examples, see the table in the next section.
Polish code pages – Palatal and palatalized consonants
Similar principles apply to the Palatalization|palatalized consonants , and , except that these can only occur before vowels. The spellings are thus before , and otherwise. For example, the in kim (whom, instr.) and the in kiedy both represent .
Mário Jardel – Galatasaray
Before the 2000–01 season he was traded to the Turkey|Turkish club Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray, winners of UEFA Cup 1999–2000|UEFA Cup in 2000 as the club activated his release clause.
Mário Jardel – Galatasaray
(football team)|Galatasaray team that won the European Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup, himself scoring twice to beat Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid 2–1 in the European Super Cup|SuperCup final, and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League|Champions League, with Jardel scoring six goals in the competition in victories against teams such as A.C
Glossary of ancient Roman religion – comitia calata
The pontifex maximus auspiciated and presided; assemblies over which Roman magistrate|annually elected magistrates presided are never calata, nor are meetings for secular purposes or other elections even with a pontiff presiding.Botsford, Roman Assemblies, p
Glossary of ancient Roman religion – comitia calata
The comitia calata were organized by curiae or Century Assembly|centuriae.Botsford, Roman Assemblies, p. 154. The people were summoned to comitia calata to witness the reading of wills, or the oath by which sacra were renounced (#detestatio sacrorum|detestatio sacrorum).Botsford, Roman Assemblies, pp. 104, 154. They took no active role and were only present to observe as witnesses.George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law (Ashgate, 2003), p. 105.
Glossary of ancient Roman religion – comitia calata
Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen thought the calendar abbreviation QRCF, given once as Q. Rex C. F.In the Fasti Viae Lanza. and taken as Quando Rex Comitiavit #fas|Fas, designated a day when it was religiously permissible for the rex to call for a comitium, hence the comitia calata.As summarized by Jörg Rüpke, The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 26–27.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
Arda is a product of the Galatasaray A2|Galatasaray youth. He was promoted to first team by Gheorghe Hagi in 2004–05 season, making his official debut against Bursaspor in a Turkish Cup match on 22 January 2005.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
He was recalled for the start of the following Süper Lig 2006-07|2006–07 season and quickly broke into the first team. It was during this time that he received his first senior international call up. Arda helped Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray qualify for the following season’s UEFA Champions League|Champions League group stage.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
Arda continued his development in the Süper Lig 2007-08|2007–08 season, scoring seven goals in the second half of the season.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
At the start of the Süper Lig 2009–10|2009–10 season, Arda was handed the captaincy of Galatasaray, and was handed squad number 10, which had previously belonged to Metin Oktay and Gheorghe Hagi, having previously worn number 66.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
As captain at the start of season, he guided his team to six consecutive league wins games which put Galatasaray comfortably at the top of the table.
Arda Turan – Galatasaray
In the Süper Lig 2010-11|2010–11 season, Arda was troubled with injuries and played a limited amount of games. By the end of the season, he had played in only 12 league games, where he scored two goals, and in three Turkish Cup games, where he scored one. His stunning performances over the last four years of his Galatasaray career lead to interest from Spanish club Atlético Madrid.
Issa Boullata
He taught Arabic studies for seven years at Hartford Seminary, Connecticut, before moving to McGill University, Montreal, in 1975.[http://wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/issa-j.-boullata/ Profile in Words without Borders website] He taught graduate courses in Arabic Literature, Modern Arab Thought, and Qur’anic Studies at McGill’s Institute of Islamic Studies until his retirement in 2004, and the honorific title of Emeritus Professor was conferred upon him on September 1, 2009
Issa Boullata
Boullata is the author of several books on Arabic literature and poetry, and on the Qur’an. He has also written numerous articles and book reviews for scholarly journals, as well as articles for several encyclopedias. He is a noted translator of Arabic literature and is a two-time winner of the Arkansas Arabic Translation Award. He is a contributing editor of Banipal magazine of London, and his literary translations have appeared in several issues of the magazine.
Issa Boullata
Kamal Boullata, the well-known painter, art historian, and literary writer, is his brother and lived in Menton, France and now lives in Berlin, Germany.
Issa Boullata – As author
* Outlines of Romanticism in Modern Arabic Poetry (1960), new edition (2014) (in Arabic ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????)
Issa Boullata – As author
* Trends and Issues in Contemporary Arab Thought (1990)
Issa Boullata – As author
* A Window on Modernism: Studies in the Works of Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (2002) (in Arabic ????? ??? ???????: ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? )
Issa Boullata – As author
* Homecoming to Jerusalem (1998) (a novel in Arabic ???? ??? ?????)
Issa Boullata – As author
* The Bells of Memory: A Palestinian Boyhood in Jerusalem (2014)( a memoir, covering years from 1929 to 1948)
Issa Boullata – As editor
* Critical Perspectives on Modern Arabic Literature (1980)
Issa Boullata – As editor
* Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Literature (1997, with Terri DeYoung)
Issa Boullata – As editor
* Literary Structures of Religious Meaning in the Qur’an (2000)
Issa Boullata – As editor
* The Miraculous Inimitability of the Holy Qur’an throughout History (2006) (in Arabic ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????)
Issa Boullata – As translator
* Embers and Ashes: Memoirs of an Arab Intellectual by Hisham Sharabi
Issa Boullata – As translator
* Fugitive Light a novel by Mohammed Berrada
Issa Boullata – As translator
* My Life an autobiography by Ahmad Amin
Issa Boullata – As translator
* Princesses’ Street: Baghdad Memories an autobiography by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
Issa Boullata – As translator
* The First Well: A Bethlehem Boyhood an autobiography by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (winner of the 1993 University of Arkansas Press Award for Translation from Arabic)
Issa Boullata – As translator
* The Square Moon short stories by Ghada Samman (winner of the 1997 University of Arkansas Press Award)
Issa Boullata – As translator
* The Unique Necklace a compendium of Arabic classics (Garnet Publishing, UK, vols. 1,2,3—2006,2009,2011) by 10th-century Al-Andalus|Andalusian writer Ibn Abd Rabbih
Issa Boullata – As translator
* The Caliph’s Sister, a novel by Jurji Zaidan
Issa Boullata – As translator
* Three Treatises on the I`jaz of the Qur’an, Qur’anic literary studies by al-Rummani, al-Khattabi, `Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani.
Issa Boullata – As translator
* Numerous poems published in Salma Khadra Jayyusi’s Modern Arabic Poetry: An Anthology (1987) and Anthology of Modern Palestinian Literature (1992), and numerous poems and prose pieces in Banipal and elsewhere.
Issa Boullata – As translator from English to Arabic
* Edith Wharton by Louis Auchincloss, 1962
Graeme Souness – Galatasaray
After leaving Liverpool, Souness was out of work for over a year, despite reports at the end of the 1993–94 in English football|1993–94 season linking him with a return to Middlesbrough as manager – a job which went to Bryan Robson instead.
Graeme Souness – Galatasaray
(football team)|Galatasaray in Turkey in June 1995, and again managed to court controversy with local issues – nearly sparking a riot after placing a large Galatasaray flag into the centre circle of the pitch of arch rivals Fenerbahçe S.K.|Fenerbahçe after Galatasaray had beaten them in the Turkish Cup final on 24 April 1996
Estudiantes de La Plata
‘Club Estudiantes de La Plata’ (), simply referred to as ‘Estudiantes’ , is an Argentina|Argentine professional sports club based in La Plata. The club’s Association football|football team currently competes in the Argentine Primera División|Primera División, where it has spent most of its history.
Estudiantes de La Plata
The club is amongst the most successful teams in Argentina
Estudiantes de La Plata
The club was founded in 1905 when a group of players and fans decided to break away from Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia de La Plata, which favored indoor sports over football. Matches between the two clubs are known as the La Plata derby|Clásico Platense. The Estudiantes home stadium (Estadio Jorge Luis Hirschi) is undergoing renovations, so the team plays in the city-owned Estadio Único de La Plata.
Estudiantes de La Plata
Other sports where Estudiantes competes are basketball, team handball, field hockey, golf, swimming (sport)|swimming, judo, and volleyball.
Estudiantes de La Plata – History
In 1905, a group of football players and fans in the city of La Plata decided to break away from Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima, the major club in the city, since Gimnasia’s management neglected football after the closure of their field on 13th and 71st streets).
Estudiantes de La Plata – History
Thus, on August 4, 1905, in the shoestore New York on 7th Street, between 57 and 58 of the city of La Plata, the club was founded under the name Club Atlético Estudiantes
Estudiantes de La Plata – History
In those days, teams like Lomas Athletic Club|Lomas Athletic, Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes, Belgrano Athletic Club|Belgrano Athletic, Estudiantil Porteño, Reformer Athletic Club|Reformer, Club Atlético San Isidro|San Isidro and Argentino de Quilmes, among others, faced each other in successive tournaments organized by the Argentine Football Association (then called the Argentine Association Football League), with Alumni Athletic Club (football)|Alumni (graduates of the Buenos Aires English High School) being one of the most successful.
Estudiantes de La Plata – History
On 28 February 1906 Estudiantes adopted a jersey design of striped red and white, in honor of Alumni’s, who had won ten amateur championships between 1900 and 1911. However, during the early years, Estudiantes had to use a red shirt with a white stripe in the chest, because league authorities decided the uniform was too similar to Alumni’s.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Amateur Era: First title
The first pitch of the club was located at the intersection of 19th and 53rd streets in La Plata (now Plaza Islas Malvinas), with the first match being played on November 7, 1905, when Estudiantes faced Nacional Juniors from Buenos Aires. A year later, Estudiantes enrolled in the Associación Amateurs de Football (AAF). The stadium on 1st Avenue opened on 25 December 1907.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Amateur Era: First title
Estudiantes’ first achievement was the 1911 Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B title which allowed the team to play at the top division of Argentine football, Argentine Primera División|Primera División. Just one year later Estudiantes won its first title in Primera, playing at the dissident Federación Argentina de Football (FAF). That season the team disputed 18 matches, winning 14 with only 1 lost and scoring 64 goals (with an average of 3,55 goals per match).
Estudiantes de La Plata – Amateur Era: First title
In 1913 Estudiantes made another great campaign but the team finished 2nd to Club Porteño|Porteño. 1919 saw Estudiantes finishing 2nd to champion Boca Juniors although the Association put an end to the tournament with 14 fixtures still to be played. The Association alleged that the championship took longer than expected so it was suddenly finished.[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg19.html Argentina 1919 at RSSSF]
Estudiantes de La Plata – Amateur Era: First title
In subsequent years, Estudiantes made irregular campaigns, in some cases finishing at the bottom of the table. Nevertheless, the team made a great performance in 1928 when finishing 3rd to champion Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán and Boca Juniors. The last year of amateur era saw Estudiantes being runner-up to Boca Juniors. The team totalized 56 points in 35 matches, with 27 won and 7 losses.[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg30.html Argentina 1930 at RSSSF]
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
When professionalism was adopted in Argentine football in 1931, Estudiantes had a famous offensive lineup: Miguel Ángel Lauri, Alejandro Scopelli, Alberto Zozaya, Manuel Ferreira and Enrique Guaita, known as Los Profesores (The Professors), and still regarded as one of Argentina’s all-time finest [http://cartasesfericas.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/los-profesores/]
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
In 1937, a pioneering lighting system was installed in the stadium, allowing night games to be played.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
The 1950s saw the rise of goalkeeper Gabriel Ogando, and players such as Walter Garcerón, Alberto Bouché, Juan Eulogio Urriolabeitía, Ricardo Infante, Héctor Antonio, as well as the final seasons of striker Manuel Pelegrina, who remains Estudiantes’ all-time top scorer with 221 goals
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
In the 1960s, Miguel Ignomiriello coached the Estudiantes under-19 team known as La Tercera que Mata (The Killer Juveniles), which would evolve, with a few acquisitions, into the team coached by Osvaldo Zubeldía that won the 1967 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1967 Metropolitano championship
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Estudiantes went on to win the Copa Libertadores three years in a row (1968 Copa Libertadores|1968, 1969 Copa Libertadores|1969 and 1970 Copa Libertadores|1970), and the 1968 Intercontinental Cup against Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
The last part of the Zubeldía era was marred by the antics of some players
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Zubeldía hired former referees to lecture the team on regulations, so that his players would be able to exploit every loophole in the book. Also, he incorporated tactics that were unheard of at the time, such as playbook drills for free-kicks and corner kicks, the offside trap, and double-marking opponents [http://www.pasionalbiceleste.com.ar/wiki/Osvaldo_Zubeldía].
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
The Zubeldía team counted two physicians among its stars: Carlos Bilardo and Raúl Madero graduated from the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Medicine during their playing days
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
After the 1970 Argentine Primera División|1970 season, Carlos Bilardo retired from play and got involved in his family’s furniture business. As the team’s fortunes were declining and relegation seemed a possibility, he was called by management in mid-1971 to coach the team. Under his guidance, Estudiantes lost the 1975 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1975 Nacional title in the last day of play and made it to the 1976 Copa Libertadores.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
In the ensuing years, Bilardo alternated between coaching Estudiantes and Colombian teams
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Those championship teams were anchored by a solid defense (Julián Camino on the right and Abel Ernesto Herrera on the left were also fearsome attackers, and José Luis Brown provided security as a sweeper), and also had three creative midfielders (José Daniel Ponce, Alejandro Sabella and Marcelo Trobbiani, with Miguel Ángel Russo to guard their backs) and two top-notch strikers (Hugo Gottardi and Guillermo Trama).
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Bilardo went on to coach the Argentina national football team|Argentine national team, that won the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The captain of Estudiantes’ 1982 champions, José Luis Brown, scored the opening goal in the final match against West Germany national football team|West Germany. Four years later, Bilardo’s Argentina reached the final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Madero was team physician for both events, and Ricardo Echevarría, also from Estudiantes, was fitness coach.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Estudiantes was relegated for the second time after the 1993–94 Argentine Primera División|1993–94 season, and again returned to the first division the very next season, which was the breakout year for Juan Sebastián Verón (son of former player Juan Ramón)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Bilardo returned as coach in 2003, with new management bent on rebuilding the club in his winning ways. Some young players were promoted, such as Marcos Angeleri and José Ernesto Sosa. When Bilardo departed, the team remained a contender under coaches Reinaldo Merlo and Jorge Burruchaga. The team made history when it came from behind (0–3 at half-time) to win 4–3 against Peruvian Sporting Cristal in a 2006 Copa Libertadores|Libertadores match played on 21 February 2006.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
It amassed ten straight wins (tying the club record), including an unprecedented 7–0 win against Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia in the La Plata derby, played 15 October 2006
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
Simeone left the team after the 2007–08 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|2007 Apertura, and was replaced by former S.S
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
The team improved their standing in the local league and advanced to the final of the 2009 Copa Libertadores, winning 2–1 on aggregate over Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro after a goal-less draw in La Plata and an away win on 15 July 2009
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
In that event, Estudiantes won their semifinal match against Pohang Steelers 2–1, and lost the final against FC Barcelona 2–1 in extra time, after a 1–1 tie in regulation time.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Professional era
After the Club World Cup participation, Estudiantes finished second in the 2010 Clausura (with local favorite José Sosa playing on loan), and won the 2010 Apertura after a protracted battle against Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sarsfield. The team was in transition following the departure of Sosa and the sales of Boselli, right back Marcos Angeleri, and other key players.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
Jorge Luis Hirschi Stadium is located on 1st Avenue, between 55th and 57th Streets, in La Plata
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
For many international games in the Zubeldía era, Estudiantes played in Boca Juniors’ Estadio Alberto J. Armando|La Bombonera, noted for its intimidating acoustics.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
With the erection of Estadio Ciudad de La Plata in the 1990s, both Estudiantes and Gimnasia decided initially against relocating their home games. However, Estudiantes’s field was closed down in September 2005 because of new safety regulations which forbid standing-only wooden stands. This began a sequence of political infighting between the club and City Hall.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
During the 2005 Apertura tournament, Estudiantes played its home games in the nearby Gimnasia stadium, and after that in Quilmes Atlético Club’s Estadio José Luis Meiszner|Centenario field. There, Estudiantes made history with a come-from-behind 4–3 Libertadores win against Sporting Cristal.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
On April 2006 a court decree allowed the re-opening of 1 y 57, but mayor Julio Alak intervened again to prevent this from happening
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
Meanwhile, Estudiantes settled in the city stadium, where it earned five consecutive derby wins, and had a streak of 37 games undefeated in the local league (2007–2009). When roofing work began in August 2009 to install a new roof in the city stadium, Estudiantes moved once again to Quilmes. As the city stadium will host the 2011 Copa América, it is expected to reopen in time for the 2011 Clausura.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Facilities
Estudiantes’ training grounds are located in the Country Club premises in City Bell, north of La Plata. Many facilities were paid for by Juan Sebastián Verón while he played in Europe. Verón was also instrumental in the negotiations over the stadium, meeting then president Néstor Kirchner to unlock the process that was being stalled by mayor Alak.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
While the two clubs have roughly the same pull in La Plata, Estudiantes has more of a nation-wide following, especially after its international successes in the 1960s
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
For several periods in the club’s history, a cadre of fans from Buenos Aires (los porteños) were a powerful element within the base. A famous fan since the 1960s is Raúl Bernechea, known as el pelapapas (the potato peeler) after his job as a kitchen hand, famous for lighting bonfires during games, juggling and performing other stunts [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WBDudQMCcSg/StYxB1VEIvI/AAAAAAAAGoE/35cagBii8Gg/s1600-h/pelap1.jpg].
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
Author Ernesto Sabato was an Estudiantes sympathizer, and was honored with a ceremony where he was given a No. 10 jersey. Arturo Jauretche mentioned Estudiantes in one of his books .
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
Other noted fans include tennis player Juan Mónaco, actor Jorge D’Elía, filmmaker and politician Fernando Solanas, and journalist Osvaldo Príncipi.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
In the 1983 presidential election, Estudiantes fans were, together with their peers from Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield, the first to voice their support for eventual winner Raúl Alfonsín in his bid against the Peronism|Peronistas. The friendship with Vélez supporters has since vanished, especially after an Estudiantes win denied Vélez the 2003 championship.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
Estudiantes is on friendly terms with several clubs from the South side of Greater Buenos Aires; especially Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes and Club Atlético Temperley|Témperley. Club Atlético Platense|Platense, from the North side of Greater Buenos Aires, held a special place in the hearts of Estudiantes fans, as it cemented Gimnasia’s relegation in 1979 (Platense currently plays in the lower divisions).
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
Estudiantes is also friendly with the Uruguayan fan base of Peñarol, once their classic Libertadores rivals.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Supporters
Estudiantes shares colors with Spanish side Athletic Bilbao, and during a period in the 1950s, both institutions shared a reputation for confronting the government (Bilbao as a Basque people|Basque nationalist side against the Spanish State|Franco regime, and Estudiantes against Peronism)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Nicknames
The nickname pincharratas (rat stabbers), often shortened to pinchas, comes from the nickname of Felipe Montedónica, who spent much time chasing after rats in the La Plata market in the 1910s and 1920s, and hence was known as el pincharratas
Estudiantes de La Plata – Nicknames
Fans also call the team el león (the lion), el orgullo de la ciudad (the pride of the city), los capos de La Plata (the bosses of La Plata), and el único campeón de la ciudad (the only one champion of the city), because they are the only one team in the city that won an official tournament.
Estudiantes de La Plata – Nicknames
For several years, many chants incorporated the word Tricampeón (three-time champion) because of the Libertadores three-peat. After the 2009 Libertadores final, some of the newer lyrics use the word Tetracampeón (four-time champion).
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers
* Manuel Pellegrina|Manuel Gregorio Pelegrina (235 goals in 489 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers
* Hugo Ernesto Gottardi (125 goals in 310 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers in Primera
* 1979 Metropolitano : Sergio Fortunato|Sergio Elio Fortunato (14 goals in 19 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers in Primera
* 1995 Apertura : José Luis Calderón (13 goals in 18 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers in Primera
* 2003 Apertura : Ernesto Farías|Ernesto Tecla Farías (12 goals in 16 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers in Primera
* 2005 Clausura : Mariano Pavone (16 goals in 19 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Top goalscorers in Primera
* 2010 Clausura : Mauro Boselli (13 goals in 14 matches)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Humberto Zuccarelli (1 July 1985–30 June 1986)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Miguel Ángel Russo Eduardo Luján Manera|E. Luján Manera (1994–95)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Reinaldo Merlo (1 July 2004–05)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Eduardo Berizzo (4 Feb 2011?30 May 11)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Juan Manuel Azconzábal (8 Nov 2011?28 April 12)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Diego Cagna (1 July 2012?1 April 13)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Managers
* Mauricio Pellegrino (5 April 2013?)
Estudiantes de La Plata – Domestic
*’Argentine Primera División|Primera División (6)’: 1913 in Argentine football|1913, 1967 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1967 Metropolitano, 1982 Argentine Primera División#Metropolitano Championship|1982 Metropolitano, 1983 Argentine Primera División#Nacional Championship|1983 Nacional, 2006-07 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|2006 Apertura, 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Apertura|2010 Apertura
Estudiantes de La Plata – International
*’Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup (1)’: 1968 Intercontinental Cup|1968
Unpalatable
Palatability of foods, however, can be learned
Unpalatable – Brain mechanism
Distinct opioid circuits determine the palatability and the desirability of rewarding events
Unpalatable – Brain mechanism
Unlike the liking palatability for food, the incentive salience wanting is not downregulated by the physiological consequences of food consumption and may be largely independent of homoeostatic processes influencing food intake.Finlayson G, King N, Blundell J
Unpalatable – Brain mechanism
Though the wanting of incentive salience may be informed by palatability it is independent and not necessarily reduced to it
Unpalatable – Brain mechanism
It has also been suggested that hedonic hunger can be driven both in regard to “wanting” and “liking” and that a palatability subtype of neuron may also exist in the basolateral amygdala.Fontanini A, Grossman SE, Figueroa JA, Katz DB. (2009). Distinct subtypes of basolateral amygdala taste neurons reflect palatability and reward. J Neurosci. 29(8):2486-95. PMID 19244523
Unpalatable – Satiety and palatability
First a positive feedback involving its stimulation by palatability food cues, and second, a negative feedback due to satiation and satiety cues following ingestion.Smith GP
Unpalatable – Satiety and palatability
Unpalatability as a Defense Strategy of Western Checkerspot Butterflies (Euphydryas Scudder, Nymphalidae)
Mu’tazili – (4) Al-Manzilah Bayna al-Manzilatayn ??????? ??? ????????? – the intermediate position
That is, Muslims who commit grave sins and die without repentance are not considered as mu’mins (believers), nor are they considered kafirs (non-believers), but in an intermediate position between the two
Latamoxef
‘Latamoxef’ (or ‘moxalactam’) is an oxacephem antibiotic usually grouped with the cephalosporins. In oxacephems such as latamoxef, the sulfur atom of the cephalosporin core is replaced with an oxygen atom.
Latamoxef
Latamoxef has been associated with prolonged bleeding time, and several cases of coagulopathy, some fatal, were reported during the 1980s. Latamoxef is no longer available in the United States. As with other cephalosporins with a methylthiotetrazole side chain, latamoxef causes an antabuse reaction when mixed with alcohol. Additionally, the methylthiotetrazole side chain inhibits ?-carboxylation of glutamic acid; this can interfere with the actions of vitamin K.
Hamit Alt?ntop – Galatasaray
Alt?ntop’s first goal for Galatasaray was a 30-meter free kick in the 37th minute of a Champions League defeat of former club Schalke 04 on 12 March 2013.
Elano – Galatasaray
Elano had the number 9 shirt, previously belonging to Turkey and Galatasaray player Hakan ?ükür
Alternation of generations – Chromalveolata
Some organisms currently classified in the Chromalveolata and thus not plants in the sense used here, exhibit alternation of generations. Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid ‘gamont’ and diploid ‘agamont’ forms. The single-celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism.
Michael Skibbe – Galatasaray
He won the Turkish Super Cup after a 2–1 victory against Kayserispor.www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=528macId=75359http://www.galatasaray.org/en/kulup/haber/51.php Galatasaray failed to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League after they lost 3–2 on aggregate to FC Steaua Bucure?ti|Steaua Bucuresti.www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15275/match=303842/index.html Skibbe was sacked from Galatasaray on 23 February 2009, after a heavy 5–2 loss to Kocaelispor.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team)
‘Galatasaray Spor Kulübü’, commonly known as ‘ Galatasaray’, is a Turkish professional association football|football club based in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the association football branch of the larger Galatasaray Sports Club, itself a part of the Galatasaray Community which includes the Galatasaray University and Galatasaray High School.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team)
Galatasaray has won 49 domestic trophies, including a record 19 Süper Lig titles, a record 15 Turkish Cups and a record 13 Turkish Super Cups. It is one of three teams to have List of unrelegated association football clubs|participated in all seasons of the Turkish Süper Lig since 1959, following the dissolution of the Istanbul Football League, and are the only club to have won the Süper Lig in four successive seasons.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team)
Galatasaray is also the only Turkish club to have been ranked 1st on the International Federation of Football History Statistics|IFFHS World Rankings.[http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/54333.asp NTV-MSNBC: Galatasaray, A?ustos ay?n?n en iyisi (3 January 2001)]
Galatasaray S.K. (football team)
Since 2011, the club’s stadium is the 52,695 capacity Türk Telekom Arena in Seyrantepe, Istanbul. Previously, the club had played at the Ali Sami Yen Stadium, as well as a succession of other grounds in Istanbul, which included groundshares with Be?ikta? J.K.|Be?ikta? and Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe at the Taksim Stadium and BJK ?nönü Stadium|?nönü Stadium.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team)
The club has a long-standing rivalry with other major Istanbul teams, namely with Be?ikta? J.K.|Be?ikta? and Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe. The derby between Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe is dubbed the K?talar Aras? Derbi () due to the location of their headquarters and stadiums on the European (Galatasaray) and Asian (Fenerbahçe) sides of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
Galatasaray SK was founded in the fall of 1905, by Ali Sami yen and Galatasaray High School (a high school founded in 1481) students as a Association football|football club. Galatasaray’s first president was Ali Sami Yen. Their first match was against Cadi-Keuy FC and they won this match by 2–0. There were discussions about the club’s name, in which some suggested Gloria (victory) and others Audace (courage), but it was decided that its name would be Galatasaray.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
The name Galatasaray itself comes from that of Galatasaray High School, which in turn takes its name from Galata Saray? Enderûn-u Hümâyûn (Galata Palace Imperial School), the name of the original school founded on the site in 1481, and which in turn took its name from the nearby medieval Republic of Genoa|Genoese citadel of Galata (the modern quarter of Karaköy) in the Beyo?lu (Pera) district of Istanbul. Galatasaray literally means Galata palace.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
In that match, Galatasaray won 2–0 over a local Greek club and the spectators called them Galata Saray? efendileri (in English: Gentlemen of Galata Palace), and, after this incident, they adopted that name and started to call their club Galata Saray?
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
Since there weren’t any other Turkish teams, Galatasaray joined the Istanbul League that was consisting of English and Greek teams in the season of 1905–1906. With their first championship title they won in 1907–1908, they heralded the beginning of Turkish football history.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
While football in Turkey began to fully develop, Galatasaray won ten more Istanbul League titles, six Sunday League titles and three Friday League titles until 1952. Upon the initiation of professional football in 1952, the first professional but non-national league of Turkey, Istanbul Professional League, was played between 1952 and 1959. Galatasaray won three of these seven titles.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
Türkiye Profesyonel 1. Ligi (Süper Lig|Turkish Super League today) formed in 1959. This is the top-flight professional league in Turkish nationwide football, and the most popular sporting competition in the country. Galatasaray joined all seasons and won 19 league titles since then.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
The Turkish Football Federation starts to organize Turkish Cup (today it is organized with the name Fortis Turkey Cup) in the 1962–63 season for Turkish clubs to qualify for the UEFA competitions. This is the only national cup competition in Turkey. Galatasaray joined all seasons and won 15 trophies since then.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
Probably the greatest record that club holds is winning national championships in 15 different sport branches in 1986–87 season.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
Besides the talented players, visiting teams also disliked traveling into Ali Sami Yen Stadium which is literally called Hell by the supporters of Galatasaray due to the intimidating atmosphere provided by the fans including chants and riots in the crowds.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – History
The team’s legendary players include the 1930s national hero E?fak Aykaç; Boduri who died aged 21; Mehmet Leblebi who scored a domestic record of 14 goals in a single match; Gündüz K?l?ç nicknamed Baba (Father) who was the coach but also the player of his team in the 1950s, with great success in both duties; Bülent-Reha Eken brothers; Suat Mamat who made a hat-trick in the 1954 FIFA World Cup; Co?kun Özar? who devoted his life to Galatasaray; Turgay ?eren the heroic goalkeeper who was called the Panther of Berlin; Fatih Terim, the team captain of Galatasaray and Turkish national football team for many years, who won the UEFA Cup in 2000 as the team’s coach; Metin Oktay the legendary six-time top-scorer of the Turkish Super League; Zoran Simovi?, another skilled goalkeeper known for his penalty saves; Cüneyt Tanman who played a record of 342 games for Galatasaray; Tanju Çolak, an extraordinary goalscorer and the 1988 European Golden Boot winner with Galatasaray; Xhevat Prekazi|Cevad Prekazi, an Albanian teammate of Tanju Çolak specializing in free kicks; Taffarel the World Cup winner goalkeeper of Brazil national football team|Brazil; Gheorghe Hagi, the Romanian football hero who is still described as the best foreign player ever to play in Turkey; Brazilian striker Mário Jardel, who was called Super Mário by the fans and scored both of Galatasaray’s two goals in the European Super Cup Final in 2000 against Real Madrid; and last but not least, Hakan ?ükür, the player who scored most goals in the Turkish Super League history, with 249 goals.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Name and pronunciation
There is no diminutive form of Galatasaray. Fans refer to the club either by its full name or by its nickname Cim Bom Bom (pronounced ‘Jim Bom Bom’) or the shortened ‘Cim Bom’. The shortened form ‘Gala’ is sometimes used in Europe/Americas.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Name and pronunciation
It is important to keep in mind Galatasaray is a compound word and it is pronounced as such. The most common mistake that is done by non-Turkish speakers is to intonate as Gala-tasaray, while the correct enunciation should be Galata-Saray with a very brief pause between the two words.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Crest
Galatasaray’s first emblem was drawn by 333 [School Number] ?evki Ege. This was the figure of a spread-winged eagle with a football in its beak. The eagle was a model emblem that Galatasaray dwelled on in the beginning. But when the name did not attract too much interest, ?evki Ege’s composition was pushed aside. It was replaced by the current design in the 1920s. This replaced in 1925 by the current “Ghayn-Sin” crest, designed by Ayetullah Emin
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Team colours and kit
Galatasaray wore red and white colours when founded, then played in dark yellow and dark blue during the 1907–1908 season. For a match against the football team of the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Barham’s crewmen, played on 8 December 1908, Galatasaray finally settled on playing in red and yellow, inspired by the roses which Gül Baba (poet)|Gül Baba offered to Sultan Bayezid II.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Team colours and kit
The official colours are Pantone shades 1235 (yellow) and 201 (red).[http://www.galatasaray.org/files/GALATASARAY_MEDIAKIT200809.zip GALATASARAY_MEDIAKIT]
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Ali Sami Yen Stadium
When historic Taksim Stadium was demolished in 1940, Galatasaray decided to build a large, modern stadium
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Ali Sami Yen Stadium
On 20 December 1964, Ali Sami Yen Stadium opened. Named after the founder of Galatasaray, Ali Sami Yen, it is in the Mecidiyeköy quarter of the ?i?li district at the center of the city. In 1964, the stadium had capacity over 35,000. Due to improvements in security and prohibition of non-seater spectators, the all-seater capacity reduced to 22,000 in 1993. A few years later, the rebuilt of main stand, which was damaged by an earthquake, slightly increased the capacity.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Ali Sami Yen Stadium
After 2002, when Atatürk Olympic Stadium was built for Istanbul’s Olympic Games bid, Galatasaray started to play UEFA Champions League|European Cup matches there. The attendance record among Turkish stadiums was broken there, in Galatasaray–Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos match played in front of 79,414 spectators. Yet, Ali Sami Yen Stadium has historic importance for Galatasaray fans although it is smaller and older.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Ali Sami Yen Stadium
In 2011, the stadium demolished after Galatsaray moved to newly built Türk Telekom Arena.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Türk Telekom Arena
The new home ground of Galatasaray is the newly built Türk Telekom Arena in the Aslantepe quarter near Maslak financial district in ?i?li. The new stadium, which was opened 15 January 2011, has a capacity of 52,695 seats, making it the largest private stadium owned by a club in Turkey.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Stadium anthems
In addition, before every game the Florida State University war chant (Galatasaray War Chant), a chant developed by the Marching Chiefs (FSU’s marching band), is played accompanied by what the fans call a scarf show where fans display and wave their Galatasaray scarves, banners and flags
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Support
For more details on this topic, see Popularity of Turkish teams
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – European matches
Ryan Giggs once said I’ve never experienced anything like Galatasaray
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Record
Galatasaray fans broke the loudest crowd roar at a sport stadium record on 18 March 2011 at Galatasaray’s new stadium Türk Telekom Arena in Istanbul. A peak reading of 131.76 dBA was recorded.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Popularity of Galatasaray in Turkey
According to media polls since 2000, Galatasaray is the most popular team among football fans in Turkey. The latest poll by June 2012 places Galatasaray in the first place with a 41.8% level of popularity while Fenerbahçe S.K. comes second with a 35.9% level, Be?ikta? J.K. third with 16.3% and Trabzonspor fourth with 4.7%.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Istanbul derbies
[http://galatasarayli.weebly.com/istanbul-derbies.html Istanbul Derbies – GALATASARAY ] The rivalry poses a symbolic importance to supporters as much as the result
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Istanbul derbies
Torches, smoke, drums, flags and giant posters used to create visual grandeur and apply psychological pressure on visiting teams, which fans call welcoming them to hell.
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Major tournaments
*’UEFA Champions League’
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Major tournaments
: Semi-Finals (1): 1988–89 European Cup|1988–89
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Major tournaments
: Quarter-Finals (5): 1962–63 European Cup|1962–63, 1969–70 European Cup|1969–70, 1993–94 UEFA Champions League|1993–94, 2000–01 UEFA Champions League|2000–01, 2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2012–13
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Major tournaments
: Round of 16 (2): 2001-02 UEFA Champions League|2001–02, 2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Major tournaments
: Quarter-Finals (1): 1991–92 European Cup Winners’ Cup|1991–92
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Domestic competitions
: ‘Winners (19): ‘ Turkish First Football League 1961–62|1961–62, 1962–63 Milli Lig|1962–63, 1968–69 Turkish First Football League|1968–69, Turkish First Football League 1970–71|1970–71, 1971–72 Turkish First Football League|1971–72, Turkish First Football League 1972–73|1972–73, Turkish First Football League 1986–87|1986–87, Turkish First Football League 1987–88|1987–88, Turkish First Football League 1992–93|1992–93, Turkish First Football League 1993–94|1993–94, Turkish First Football League 1996–97|1996–97, Turkish First Football League 1997–98|1997–98, Turkish First Football League 1998–99|1998–99, 1999–2000 Turkish First Football League|1999–2000, Süper Lig 2001–02|2001–02, Süper Lig 2005–06|2005–06, Süper Lig 2007–08|2007–08, 2011–12 Süper Lig|2011–12, 2012–13 Süper Lig|2012–13
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Domestic competitions
: Runners-up (10): Turkish First Football League 1959|1959, Turkish First Football League 1960–61|1960–61, Turkish First Football League 1965–66|1965–66, Turkish First Football League 1974–75|1974–75, Turkish First Football League 1978–79|1978–79, Turkish First Football League 1985–86|1985–86, Turkish First Football League 1990–91|1990–91, Turkish First Football League 2000–01|2000–01, 2002–03 Süper Lig|2002–03, 2013–14 Süper Lig|2013–14
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Domestic competitions
: ‘Winners (15): (record)’ 1963, 1964, 1965, 1965–66 Turkish Cup|1966, 1973, 1976, 1982, 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999, 1999–2000 Turkish Cup|2000, 2005 Turkish Cup Final|2005, 2013–14 Turkish Cup|2014
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Other
* ‘Istanbul Football League:’
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Other
** ‘Winners (15):’ 1908–09 Istanbul Football League|1908–09, 1909–10 Istanbul Football League|1909–10, 1910–11 Istanbul Football League|1910–11, 1914–15 Istanbul Football League|1914–15, 1915–16 Istanbul Football League|1915–16, 1921–22 Istanbul Football League|1921–22, 1924–25 Istanbul Football League|1924–25, 1925–26 Istanbul Football League|1925–26, 1926–27 Istanbul Football League|1926–27, 1928–29 Istanbul Football League|1928–29, 1930–31 Istanbul Football League|1930–31, 1948–49 Istanbul Football League|1948–49, 1954–55 Istanbul Football League|1954–55, 1955–56 Istanbul Football League|1955–56, 1957–58 Istanbul Football League|1957–58
Galatasaray S.K. (football team) – Other
** ‘Winners (2):’ 1942 Istanbul Football Cup|1942, 1943 Istanbul Football Cup|1943
Frank Rijkaard – Galatasaray
On 5 June 2009, Rijkaard signed a two-year contract to manage the Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray, following the resignation of Bülent Korkmaz two days earlier. He was sacked on 19 October 2010 and was replaced with Gheorghe Hagi.
14 regions of Augustan Rome – VII: Via Lata
The name of Regio VII was derived from the via Flaminia which runs between the Servian walls and the future Aurelian Walls. This was a wide urban street (Via Lata, Broadway), corresponding to the modern via del Corso. The regio contained part of the Campus Martius on the east of the street plus the Collis Hortulorum (Hill of the Hortuli), the Pincian Hill (modern Pincio).
Didier Drogba – Galatasaray
On 28 January 2013, Drogba agreed to a one-and-a-half-year deal with Süper Lig team Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray. He would earn a sign-on fee of Euro|€4 million plus basic wage of €4 million per season (thus €2 million in 2012–13 Süper Lig) and €15,000 per match. However, on 30 January 2013, Shenhua released a press release that Drogba would unilaterally breach his contract if he were to join Galatasaray.
Didier Drogba – Galatasaray
Drogba argued that he had not been paid his wages by the club and asked FIFA, the sport’s governing body, to invalidate his contract. In February 2013, FIFA granted a temporary license for him to play for Galatasaray pending the outcome of the contract dispute.
Didier Drogba – Galatasaray
On 15 February, Drogba scored his debut goal for Galatasaray just five minutes after coming off the bench against Akhisar Belediyespor in a match that ended 2–1. On 6 April, Drogba scored twice in a match against Mersin ?dmanyurdu that ended 3–1. On 9 April, Drogba scored his first goal for Galatasaray in the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League|Champions League, against Real Madrid. On 20 April, Drogba scored twice in a match against Elazigspor that ended 3–1.
Didier Drogba – Galatasaray
He won his first title with Galatasaray on 5 May, with a 4–2 win over Sivasspor. In Gala’s derby match against rivals Fenerbahçe S.K. (football)|Fenerbahçe on 12 May, Drogba and his Ivorian team-mate Emmanuel Eboue were subjects of racist chants from Fenerbahçe fans in Gala’s 2–1 loss, but no fine or bans were handed down to any supporters of Fenerbahçe or the club.
Didier Drogba – Galatasaray
On 11 August 2013, he scored the only goal in the 2013 Turkish Super Cup against Fenerbahce.
Roberto Mancini – Galatasaray
Under Mancini, Galatasaray won their first 12 home matches, including a 6-0 victory over Bursaspor, the highest winning margin in the league as of game week 20.
Roberto Mancini – Galatasaray
On 7 May 2014, Galatasaray won 1–0 against Eski?ehirspor in the 2013–14 Turkish Cup|2014 Turkish Cup Final, with a late goal from Wesley Sneijder.
Roberto Mancini – Galatasaray
On 11 June 2014, the club announced that the contract between the club and Mancini has been mutually cancelled by the end of 2013-14 season. It has been reported by the club’s chairman and the spokesperson that the club’s transfer policy and the overall budget of the upcoming season was the reason behind the dispute. This was also verified by Mancini: When I accepted the coaching post, Gala’s aims were different.
Atropine methonitrate – Secretions and bronchodilatation
Atropine’s actions on the parasympathetic nervous system inhibit salivary and mucus glands. The drug may also inhibit sweating via the sympathetic nervous system. This can be useful in treating hyperhidrosis, and can prevent the death rattle of dying patients. Even though atropine has not been officially indicated for either of these purposes by the FDA, it has been used by physicians for these purposes.[http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/EPERC/FastFactsIndex/ff_109.htm Death Rattle and Oral Secretions]
Chakra – Talatala
Translated as ‘under the bottom level’, it is located in the calves, and it is a state of prolonged confusion and instinctive willfulness.
Spanish colonization of the Americas – Río de la Plata and Paraguay
The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
Charlatan
A ‘charlatan’ (also called ‘swindler’ or ‘mountebank’) is a person practicing quackery or some similar confidence trick in order to obtain money, fame or other advantages via some form of false pretenses|pretense or deception.
Charlatan
Ultimately, etymologists trace charlatan from either the Italian language|Italian ciarlare, to prattle; or from Cerretano, a resident of Cerreto di Spoleto|Cerreto, a village in Umbria, known for its quacks.[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/charlatan Charlatan.] Dictionary.com
Charlatan – Details
Rather, the person called a charlatan is being accused of resorting to quackery, pseudoscience, or some knowingly employed bogus means of impressing people in order to Fraud|swindle his victims by selling them worthless patent medicine|nostrums and similar goods or services that will not deliver on the promises made for them
Charlatan – Details
In reported spiritual communications, a charlatan is a person who fakes evidence that a spirit is making contact with the medium and seekers
Charlatan – Details
Synonyms for charlatan include ‘mountebank’, ‘shyster’, and ‘quackery|quack’.
Charlatan – Details
montambanco|Mountebank comes from the Italian (language)|Italian montambanco or montimbanco based on the phrase monta in banco – literally referring to the action of a seller of dubious medicines getting up on a bench to address his audience of potential customers.[http://dictionary.reference.com/wordoftheday/archive/2000/10/30.html Dictionary Reference], possibly a folk etymology
Charlatan – Details
Quack is a reference to ‘quackery’ or the practice of dubious medicine.
Charlatan – Famous charlatans
* John R. Brinkley, the goat-gland doctor who implanted goat glands as a means of curing male impotence, helped pioneer both American and Mexican radio broadcasting, and twice ran unsuccessfully for governor of Kansas.
Charlatan – Famous charlatans
* Albert Abrams, the advocate of radionics and other similar electrical quackery who was active in the early twentieth century.[http://skepdic.com/radionics.html Skeptics Dictionary]
Charlatan – Famous charlatans
* Italian Alessandro Cagliostro (real name Giuseppe Balsamo) who claimed to be a count.
Charlatan – Famous charlatans
* Charles Ponzi, for whom the Ponzi scheme is named, a scam that relies on a pyramid of investors who contribute money to a fraudulent programme.
Charlatan – Famous charlatans
* Bernard Madoff, an American stockbroker who ran the world’s largest Ponzi scheme, defrauding investors out of $18 billion.
Adrenal gland – Zona fasciculata
Situated between the glomerulosa and reticularis, the zona fasciculata is responsible for producing glucocorticoids, such as 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol in humans.
Zona fasciculata
The ‘zona fasciculata’ constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or Fascicle|fascicles.
Zona fasciculata
The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g., part of the fight-or-flight response), it is stimulated by the hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which is released from the anterior portion of the pituitary and axised upon this adrenal gland
Zona fasciculata
Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasia of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing’s syndrome in affected patients.
Galata
At present, Galata is a quarter within the borough of Beyo?lu in Istanbul, and is known as Karaköy.
Galata
The Greeks believe that the name comes either from galatas (meaning milkman), as the area was used by shepherds in the early medieval period, or from the word Galatai (meaning Gauls), as the Celts|Celtic tribe of Gauls were thought to have camped here during the Hellenistic period before settling into Galatia in central Anatolia
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